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EDITED BY PROFESSOR WALTER HOWCHIN, F.G:S. Assistep sy ARTHUR M. LEA, F.E:S.

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ol a

TRANSACTIONS AND PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

ROYAL SOCIETY OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA

(INCORPORATED).

VOL. LIT.

[With Porrrait, Map, Twenty-oNE Piates, AND Tuirty FicuReES IN THE TEXT.]

EDITED BY PROFESSOR WALTER HOWCHIN, F.G:S. AsststEp By ARTHUR M. LEA, F.E.S.

[The Editor of the Transactions is directed to make it known to the Public that the Authors alone are responsible for the facts and opinions contained in their respective Papers.]

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ROYAL SOCIETY OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA

(INCORPORATED).

Patron:

HIS EXCELLENCY BRIG.-GENERAL SIR A. G. A. HORE-RUTHVEN, V.C,, K.C.M.G., C.B., D.S.0O.

OFFICERS FOR 1928-29.

President: L. KEITH WARD, B.A., B.E., D.Sc.

Vice-Presidents: PROF. T. HARVEY JOHNSTON, M.A., D.Sc., Representative Governor. CHARLES A. E. FENNER, D.Sc.

Hon. Editor: PROF. WALTER HOWCHIN, F.G:S.

Hon. Treasurer: Hon. Secretary: B. S. ROACH. R. H. PULLEINE, M.B., Ch.M.

Members of Council:

J. M. BLACK. PROF. J. A. PRESCOTT, M.Sc., A.LC. J. F. BAILEY. ARTHUR M. LEA, F.E.S. SIR JOSEPH C. VERCO, M.D., F.R.CS. T. D. CAMPBELL, D.D.Sc.

Hon. Auditors: W. C. HACKETT. H. WHITBREAD.

&

CONTENTS.

OsituarRy Notices

Tinpae, N. B.: Natives of Groote Bylant and of the West Coast of the Gulf of Carpentaria ;

ADELAIDE UNIVERSITY Fietp ANTHROPOLOGY: CENTRAL AUSTRALIA— CaMpBELL, Dr. T. D.: No. 6, Dental Notes ..

Hare, H. M.: Australian Cumacea

Baxer, W. H.: Australian aa of the Topo Family ices eae Plates 6 to vi. is

Cuewincs, Dr. C.: Further Notes on the stuatonaie of Central Australia Howcsin, Pror. W.: The Sturtian Tillite and Associated Beds on the Western

Page

62

Scarps of the Southern Flinders Ranges . 82 Lea, A. M.: Australian Curculionidae of the Subfamilies Haplonycides and Cryptorhynchides. Plates vii. to ix. : ie es ae eats Ripvett, P. D.: Ordered Arrangement of Stones by Aborigines at Durham Downs, Cooper’s Creek, Queensland. Plates x. and xi. : aa ise an .. 165 Asusy, E.: Notes ona Collection of Chitons Poorer from the aoe Group, Queensland. Plate xii. (in part) 167 Asupy, E.: Further Notes on Western Australian Ce (Polyplaconhora. Plate xii. (in part) .. #5 ve ier ue is : 174 Exston, A. H.: Notes and Descriptions of New Species of the Genus Pseudotetra- lobus. Family Elateridae; Subfamily Tetralobides .. : ie ive aay) Ciark, E. V.: A Recent Raised Beach near Port Turton, Yorke Peninsula .. 189 Davin, Pror, Str T. W. E.: Notes on Newly Discovered Fossils in the Adelaide Series, (Lipalian?) South Australia. Plates xiii. to xviii. : a peel Mapican, C. T.: Preliminary Notes on new Evidence as to the Age of Formations on the North Coast of Kangaroo Island. Plates xix. and xx. a te AY) Crecanp, Dr. J. B.: Australian Fungi: Notes and Descriptions, No. 7 217 Trnpae, N. B.: Ethnological Notes from Arnhem Land and from Tasmania 223 Brack, J. M.: Additions to the Flora of South Australia 225 SHearp, H. L.: Aboriginal Rock Paintings seven miles North of eer, River Murray, South Australia. Plate xxi. ae 2 a : si Ete Zot Fintayson, H. H.: The Essential Oil of Phebalium argenteum, Smith 235 MISCELLANEA 240 ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS 241 ANNUAL REPoRT 251 BALANCE-SHEETS 253 Donations to Lrsrary .. 255 List or Frettows .. 261 Ru rs in RELATION TO PAPERS .. 264 SUGGESTIONS FOR THE GUIDANCE or AUTHORS 265 APPENDIX— Field Naturalists’ Section: Annual Report, etc. 266 Fortieth Report of the Flora and Fauna Protection Conutetitves 268 Third Report of the Shell Collectors’ Committee 268 First Report of the Microscope Committee 269 ApDENDA TO INDEX ro Transactions for Vols. XXV. XLIV. Sh 271 INDEX a a ae se es ae Bs a aa a oe 273-275

ADDENDUM. Page 60. Seventeenth line from top, after Syncassidina, add aestuaria.

Transactions

of

The Royal Society of South Australia (Incorporated)

VOL. LIT.

OBITUARY NOTICES. EDGAR RAVENSWOOD WAITTE.

WITH PORTRAIT.

Edgar Ravenswood Waite was born in 1866 at Leeds, Yorkshire, and commenced his carecr as a Naturalist when he became a biclogical student at the Victoria University, now the University of Manchester. At the age of 22 he was appointed Sub-curator of the Leeds Museum, and a few years later was made Curator of that Institution. While in England, his principal interest lay in ornithology, but in 1893 he was selected to fill a position as Zoologist at the Australian Museum, Sydney, and there he extended his studies to other vertebrates. At this period he paid much attention to fishes; he accompanied the trawling expedition conducted in ILM.C.S. “Thetis,” wrote the scientific report thereon, and also furnished an account of fishes trawled by the Western Australian Government. After spending 12 years in Sydney he was appointed Curator of the Canterbury Museum, Christchurch, New Zealand, and there, for eight years, devoted the whole of his energies to his work, becoming recognized as one of the leading Australasian Ichthyologists. He became snterested in the method of exhibiting fishes by means of coloured casts, and after a while extended the practice to cetaceans, the largest cast executed under his supervision being that of a Strap-toothed Whale, 18 ft. in length. He also recovered the skeleton of a gigantic Blue Whale, 87 ft. in length. A year after his appointment as Curator he founded the “Records of the Cant. Mus.,” and edited the first and part of the second volumes of that publication.

While in New Zealand Mr. Waite increased his field experience, and was connected with the following important ventures:—In 1907 he accompanied the late ord Plunket to the Southern Islands of New Zealand, was in charge of a Government Trawling Cruise, and studied the vertebrates during the Canterbury Philosophical Institutes’ Expedition to the Subantarctic Islands of New Zealand, In 1908 he led a Muscum Expedition among the northern Maoris, a year later went to the West Coast Sounds to study the Vertebrata, and in 1910 was a member of an Investigation Committee which visited the New Zealand lakes. He was on board the “Aurora,” as Zoologist, during the first Subantaretic cruise of Sir Douglas Mawson’s [xpedition, in 1912, and next year accompanicd a relief expedition to Macquarie Island.

Early in 1914 Mr. Waite came to South Australia, where, until the time of his death, he occupied the position of Director of the South Australian Museum, in which capacity, owing to his 26 years of experience in museum work, he was able to introduce many innovations. A noteworthy exhibit, prepared under his direction, is a cast of a Basking-shark, 25 ft. in length, said to be the largest fish-cast in the world, while the skeleton of a Blue

2

Whale, equal in size to the New Zealand example, was secured from Streaky Bay and awaits articulation,

Soon after arrival in our State, Mr. Waite investigated the fishes col- lected by Mawson’s Expedition, and during the next 14 years prepared 50 papers; the latter indicate his wide interests, for in them he noted or described mammals, birds, fishes, reptiles, amphibians and some ethnological objects. His most useful ichthyological contribution was a Catalogue of South Aus- tralian Fishes, which he enlarged later to form one of the British Science Handbooks. At the time of his death he had almost completed a second handbook dealing with the reptiles and amphibians of South Australia. He was keenly interested in the production of scientific and natural history publications, and for a decade was editor of the “Records of the South Aus- tralian Museum,” and also edited the first five series of the afore-mentioned handbooks,

Mr. Waite was a Fellow of several scientific societies and a member of many clubs and natural history societics. He was elected a Fellow of this Society in 1914, was a Council member for five years, and was elected Senior Vice-President for this session.

While in South Australia Mr. Waite made numerous field excursions and took charge of three important expeditions. Shortly after his appoint- ment he made a cruise to the Great Australian Bight in the Government trawler, “Simplon”; in 1916, in company with Capt. S. A. White, he led a Museum expedition to Central Australia, and in 1918 went to New Guinea, New Britain, and New Ireland in search of data and material for the Museum, During the course of this last trip he contracted malaria, which for ten years did much to undermine his health. He spent the latter half of 1926 in Europe and America, to obtain special information concerning muscums. He was to have attended meetings of scientific committees in Tasmania in january of this year; carly in the month he became seriously ill, but made the journey in the hope that the voyage would cure him; on January 19, however, he passed away in Hobart, where 700 of his friends and colleagues were gathered at the meeting of the Australasian Association for the Advancement of Science.

Science in Australia has suffered a severe loss in the death of Mr. Waite. He had many interests, and, although of a rather retiring disposition, was always willing to participate in any movement likely to advance knowledge of our fauna. He was a good companion in the field and in the laboratory, and his unfailing courtesy and readiness to assist made him many friends,

HERBERT M, HALE. Evening Meeting, March 8, 1928.

H. Y. L. BROWN.

By the death of Henry Yorke Lyell Brown, on January 22, 1928, the Royal Society lost a member of 45 years’ standing, and Australia lost one of its most honoured geologists.

Born at Sydney, Nova Scotia, in August, 1844, Mr. Brown was educated at King’s College, Nova Scotia, and subsequently at the Royal School of Mines under Huxley and Tyndall.

In 1865 he came to Australia and was appointed to the Geological Survey of Victoria under A. R. C. Selwyn, thus becoming closely associated with a

3

number of men whose names are well known as pioneers of Australian geo- logical investigation—C. D’O. H. Aplin, G, II. F. Ulrich, C. S. Wilkinson, R. A. F. Murray, R. Etheridge, jun., E. J. Dunn, and J. Cosmo Newbery. When this Survey was disbanded in 1869, at a moment of retrenchment, Mr. Brown went to New Zealand and acted as Goldfields Surveyor at Coromandel for a few months.

In 1870 he went to Western Australia, under a two years’ engagement as Government Geologist. At this time Western Australia was passing through a crisis in its constitutional history, and was occupied with the early stages of the development of the telegraph and a railway system. Exploration of the colony was being carried out by several men, among whom were Alexander and John Forrest. In this exploratory work Mr. Brown played an important part, and it was he who discovered and named the Weld Range in the Murchison district. Ile prepared three geological maps and ten reports, dealing chiefly with the southern and coastal regions, and including a geo- logical map of the colony. Mr. Brown selected the site of the first artesian borehole drilled in the Coastal Plains Basin, near the Canning River, south- east of Perth. This successful borehole was the forerunner of many that have been drilled to supply water to the metropolitan area of Perth. Governor Weld, in a despatch forwarded to England in 1874, expressed his regret that, in the then straitened circumstances of the colony, it was not possible to make the Geological Department a permanent part of the establishment. In this despatch the Governor informed the British Government, on the atithority of Mr. Brown's reports, that

“the mineral resources of the colony are very great . . . and would ultimately become a main source of its advancement. All different kinds of aurifecrous quartz known in other colonies are abundantly found in various parts of this. The question of payable gold is, as IT have long since reported, simply a question of time.”

After nearly two years spent in mining in Victoria and New Zealand, Mr. Brown rejoined Dr, Selwyn who had become Director of the Geological Survey of Canada, where he remained during 1874-5. He found the severe climate of Canada too trying and returned to Australia, where he was engaged in mining in New South Wales and Victoria and, subsequently, served on the Geological Survey of New South Wales in 1881-2.

At the end of 1882 it was decided to appoint a Government Geologist in South Australia, and Mr. Brown was selected to fill the office. Ile held this position until the end of 1911, and from that date to the time of his death was Honorary Consulting Geologist to the State.

No single geologist has made such extensive personal contributions to the growth of our knowledge of Australian geology as Mr. Brown, as may well be realized from his official connections with the surveys mentioned. His was the heroic age of geological exploration in a great part of the con- tinent, and his were the first geological observations placed on record with regard to many of the remote regions of the interior. Many of his journeys were undertaken with only an Afghan camel driver for a companion, and much of his carlier work was carried out under conditions that do not cxist today through the subsequent development of transport facilities.

Wherever Mr. Brown carried out his investigations, he kept before him the fixed purpose of producing a geological map showing the broad structural features of the great areas which he traversed. His Geological Map of South Australia, published in 1899 on the scale of 16 miles to the inch, is a splendid monument to his untiring zeal and his excellent judgment. This map must

4

remain the foundation for all future work in South Australia. To later generations is left the task of putting in the detail on the background that has been painted with the sure touch of a master hand. The same value attaches to his Geological Map of the Northern Territory, published in 1898, on the scale of 20 miles to the inch.

Mr. Brown never stressed the hardships of his long journeys in his Reports, but one can draw conclusions as to the conditions under which he worked from such records as his tribute to the endurance of his camels that travelled for 13 days without water, on the outward journey to the north-west of Ooldea, and another 13 days on the return; or the shade temperatures of 97, 101, 105, 106, 106, 108, 108, 108, 122, 124, 122, 122, 94, 84, 88, 111, and 111 degrees, Fahrenheit, recorded on successive days in the journal of an expedi- tion in the Northern Territory.

Among the notable geological explorations carried out by Mr. Brown in South Australia and the Northern Territory were his journeys from Port Augusta to Eucla and back, in 1885; to the far north-eastern corner of South Australia, in 1883; to the Musgrave Ranges, in 1889; round the western margin of the Great Australian Artesian Basin to Charlotte Waters, in 1905; through the region in the neighbourhood of Lake Eyre, in 1892; in the country to the north of the Nullarbor Plain, in 1897; to Silverton, in 1885; throughout the Northern Territory, from north to south, in 1894; through the MacDonnell Ranges, in 1888, 1890, and 1896; in the north-western part of the Northern Territory, in 1905; from Van Diemen Gulf to the McArthur River, in 1907; and to the Tanami Goldfield, in 1909,

In addition to these major geological reconnaissances by Mr. Brown, his departmental activities included the examination of the goldfields of Echunga, Woodside, Mannahill, Wadnaminga, Gumeracha, and Mount Crawford, Barossa, Ulooloo, and Arltunga; the coal-bearing areca of Leigh Creek; the artesian-water-basin of the River Murray; the lakes of Mount Gambier: the geology of Kangaroo Island, and mineral deposits in all parts of South Australia,

Mr. Brown’s Reports were published for the most part in official form —many as Parliamentary Papers. In addition to these he wrote papers on the “Mesozoic Plains of South Australia” and the “Rock Phosphate Deposits” of the State, which appear in Volumes I. and XII. of the Proceedings of the Australasian Association for the Advancement of Science; and on the ‘“Tee- tulpa Goldfield,” printed in Volume X. of the Transactions of this Society.

No geologist in any country has commanded, to a greater degree than H. Y. L. Brown, the confidence and respect of all sections of the community— from the Governments that were guided by his recommendations to the indi- vidual prospectors who looked to him for advice and who still treasure the memory of his words of encouragement.

L. KW. Evening Meeting, March 8, 1928.

NATIVES OF GROOTE EYLANDT AND OF THE WEST COAST OF THE GULF OF CARPENTARIA.

Part III—LANGUAGES OF EASTERN ARNHEM LAND.()

By Norman B. Tinparr, South Australian Museum. [Read March 8, 1928.]

The present paper deals with notes on the languages of the various mainland tribes of Eastern Arnhem Land, North Australia. Vocabularies of cight of the languages, which were previously unknown, are set out in tabular form. Some account is also given of the foreign influences which can be detected in Arnhem Land. The nameg and approximate boundaries of the tribes dealt with are detailed in a previous paper of the scrics.@)

In 1802-3 Flinders,“) during a short stay at Caledon Bay, compiled a vocabulary of the tribe, now known to be the Balamumu. During February, 1922, twenty-three young men of this tribe, accompanied by several old men, visited my camp at Groote Eylandt. ‘hey were much surprised when some of the words from Flinders’ list were spoken to them. Many, amongst those used, corre- sponded closely with their present-day words. Lack of a common vocabulary and their subsequent unfriendly behaviour (in stealing metal objects) prevented further intercourse. Their language is related to that of the Rittarungo people; no less than ten out of the few known words having a common root. A short list of the words common to these two tribes is given below.

Spencer “ has given a list of the relationship terms in the Nullakun (my Negalakan) tribe. Excluding these two accounts, there are no records of any of the languages mentioned below.

Most of the nalives speak more than one language; several of the older men of the Ngandi and Mara tribes know three, and one, at least, of the Ngandi tribesmen knows four besides his own. Some vocabularies were obtained by using the peculiar “pidgin” English spoken by some of the Roper River men. The northern languages were obtained by using Ngandi. The accuracy of the transcrip- tions was tested by repeating the native words to my informants some days or weeks after first writing them down. A few Wandaran and Allawa words obtained during my last visit to the Roper River (in May, 1922) were not checked.

The Royal Geographical Society’s scheme for the transcription of place names has been adopted. This is detailed in Notes and Queries.“ Tn accordance with the rules, it is necessary to state that the ng sound is always soft, as in singer, not hard, as in finger. The double consonant ¢j is used in preference to ch, even when it occurs terminally. Many words are not markedly accented. Elided vowels occur in many words; r in such cases is strongly accented and “rolled,”

() Parts I. and IL. appeared in the Records of the South Australian Museum, iii. 1925-6, pp. 61-134,

(2) Tindale, Lc. pp. 62-64, and fig. 23. In the description and map one correction is necessary, The tribal name “Tchambarupi” should be read as Tjambarupingu.

(3) Flinders, Mathew, Voyage to Terra Australis, ij., 1814, p. 215, et seq. (4) Spencer, Sir Baldwin, Native Tribes of the Northern Territory, 1912, p. 65. (5) Notes and Queries on Anthropology, London, 4th ed., 1912, pp. 186-192,

6

ForeiGn INELUENCES,

Macassar Malay influences, such as I have previously noticed in the vocabu- lary of the Ingura tribe, and which are commented upon in the account of the Kokolango language of Elcho Island, given by Jennison,“ are absent from all of the following vocabularies with the doubtful exception of the Nungubuyu. In all the others the few borrowed words in evidence have an English origin.

Perhaps it has not been emphasized that, even where present amongst the coastal tribes, Malay influences are superficial and almost exclusively linguistic. The words borrowed by the natives are exclusively those relating to articles of trade, weapons of offence, and the vessels in which the traders arrived, On Groote Eylandt there are, it is true, slight traces of ““Macassar” blood due to occa- sional miscegcenation during the past four or five generations, but even there, if we exclude this and the cult of the large sailing dugout canoe, the above statement is substantially correct.

The absence of true native words for all foreign articles of trade is, perhaps, evidence that the Macassar men were the first regular invaders of the isolation of the aborigines.

That they were not the first casual visitors to the coast of Arnhem Land is probably shown by the polished black jade figure of Shou Lao, Taoist immortal, unearthed from a depth of 4 feet (in soil) beneath the roots of a banyan tree at Port Darwin, in 1879. He is represented as seated upon an axis deer (Cervis axis) and bearing a peach, symbolical of longevity, in his right hand. The object was figured by Worsnop,’”? who obtained no details as to its name or country of origin.

Apparently it belongs to the T’ang dynasty (A.D. 618-906), and may have been brought to Australia during that period. During that dynasty the Chinese Empire (more especially during the reign of T’ai Tsung and of his successor) reached its zenith of power and extended from the Aral to the Yellow Sea, and from Siberia to Farther India.) Chinese civilization at this time found its way into Indo-China as well as Sumatra, Java, and other islands of the Malay Archi- pelago. Fleets of Chinese junks sailed as far as the Persian Gulf, and, in com- pany with the Arabs, maintained a virtual monopoly of the world’s commerce. Coins and other relics of the dynasty have been found buried in Alaska.)

Nores oN THE VOCABULARIES.

In many instances more than one native word is given for one English equivalent. Sometimes this indicates that dialect forms exist in the different local groups of the tribe.

Words of one syllable are rare. One, the Rembarunga word for a stone- knife, has been written as “kr.” The “r” is strongly rolled and the vowel elided or absent.

Duplication or repetition of syllables is a common feature, and there are several words of the form “‘notnotnot” (broken) and “boiboiboi” (dry) in which one syllable is repeated three times.

The root word “marra,’” for hand, which is widely spread amongst Aus- tralian languages, is represented in two of the following by “marang” (Nungubuyu)

(6) Jennison, J. C., Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Austr., vol. li., 1927, p. 178.

(7) Worsnop, T., Prehistoric Arts . . . of the Aborigines of Australia, Adelaide, 1897, p. 13, and pl. 2.

(8) Bing, Li Ung, Outlines of Chinese History, Shanghai, 1914, p. 132, ef seq. (9) Brown, J. M., Peoples and Problems of the Pacific, ii, 1927, p. 67, and figs.

7

and “lkomar’” (Ngandi). In most of the languages the word for finger is the same as for hand.

The Wandaran words for “curlew” and “storm” are similar. The con- nection between the two was explained as follows: “when curlew sing-out, big storm come up.”

‘

The words for “true” in several languages are curiously long, but are, never- theless, the strict equivalents of shorter words (e.g., nubinda) used by neighbour- ing peoples.

Unfortunately, few sentences which would have revealed the structure of the languages were written down. Amongst the few recorded were —

Mara: Kangoindi naijura ngandaiaru walanyan That way I going to spear fish “Tt [am] going to spear fish.” ‘The verb “to be” is never expressed.

Mara: Karowoi! karaumai Come here all play

Come here everybody and play.

Mara: Jxarai! karaumat Come here play

Come here (to one) and play.

The following list of pronouns is incomplete and a few forms are queried :— |

English. Ngandi. Rittarungo. Personal I ngaya ngara we — nangara (?) you nokan nimuka he, she, it nuku (?) — Possessive my, mine ngaikanigin ngarako nganangi nang our ngaiko ngarako your nukangu nungumukayiki Objective me, myself ngaika ngaramuka

Notes on the numerals have been given in an earlier article of this series.

The following list includes some words common to the Balamumu and Ritta- rungo languages. Flinders’ Balamumu words are given in the first column :—

Flinders, English. Caledon Bay. Balamumu. Rittarungo.

"eye mail meil melja

nose ur-roor hur-ro urur ngoro

hair mar-ra marra [moror |*

arm wan na war’na wanak

hand gong gong kong

leg bac-ca baka baka

foot loc-ko, noc-ka loko lokat

moon kul-le-ge a kalegeia kelkeiya

salt water kaa-po kaapo [kapo]}

honey goi-ko lucko goiko koko

*Rembarunga word,

taluka in Injura language,

tmeans fresh water in Rittarungo.

8

VOCABULARIES OF THE TRIBES OF THE

English Rittarungo Rembarunga Negandi Inland Tribe. Inland Tribe. Inland Tribe. Afraid... eas ty korana ngeketanakonji nakonjikin angry ae nganar, mori jerijerima, jerei banganaruma, manganal ant : ote th raja japo ) aja anthill (termite nest) konja tapul : kodapul arm ates hve Libs ie wanak _ i — armlet .... oe nes xe -— manba = » of opossum hair is _ ae amor » of cane a — manba ashamed Aes wna .. | koranangara ngageimen ngabamniadi ashes... sae str w. | ngarukan manal gongarukan Baby ... _ A. yotokanyan, yoto dakonao bagerei, badako bachelor a8 ost ‘ a ina? i a ov, em — cat obolokoi ackbone a = — kokaruk bad (also sick) st w. | merekongo jarunghao, jangnao warajak ad (wicked) a boltobo ngekejari-ngnao anainjara nail out (e.g., canoe) .. | kapourutani najulawara nubungeiktan ald (head) .... sash eAE —_ morodi balongmeli bamboo (or reed) .... aw | jokolo | majawara _— bandicoot (Perameles) a. | danka | tonga wanguri bank (of river) kereperengara | kerepernao kokerepere ar (or sandbank) BAA Ain = Tr: are bark (dog)... ae Se «| ngokon (urwartu) : barangok angokti » (of tree) che ber wv. | kongo | kongonadala kokuok barramunda fish (Osteoglossum : leichhardti) shee one a. | Mmeritji meritji imiritji barter... ae chee tee eke = i ; —_ ; basket .... _ ie can wa. | badti | yalmuru kolpon bat (Chiroptera) ks a. | keinkein | binbinjala mabinbinjala bathe .... ies ere ww. | Mangungara ngaraulupa ngauluptung beak ow. ale hehe we | tigoroe dalanao kogiban beard... oes sess fet — = Se beeswax te Bee wv. {| mandacha ' berdinao neberdi beware (of being speured) .... ..». | nganaru ngeke-tjiringokori manganaru-koyo big rn er. ee w. | tarupal tarupalnao adarupal billabong (or lagoon) wee | teren nindateren, terenga kodaren, koteren bird Ae Sead sede be tyikaija thitpurukuru ajekeiyung bird’s-nest Sha tise aw» | kowal kolnao kokol birth... oe axe «w. | dako mambuna dakubolmin adakubolti bitch oo... shes ths i” —_ as aa bite side heb wits laongara nginyamma nganabiang bitter... ae sity nate, at 3 = black i mulmul ngeketamulmin amulmul blackfellow ve eek wea | yolja bit bayul blaze... bee » | mMurumuruna kamaranduru kumurumurndi blind... oe us wee | melbambai baramermerdi bakapuji blink ines —_— a iS blood kolang kolba maponko blow _ dabura nubudung blunt meremel maradungdung ameredi bog Sst ih ose lounjo lonjonao kolonjo bone wee | naraka narakanao kongaraka boomerang eet baad we | kalekale kalekale kokalekale bottle... i 8p 4 -—— oe aus boy a aw. | derama werinmal boderimo brave melgal-ngapuingara mulaktan-gageimeiana nikun-jikitmat break hakun-maraoa nadaikaba adongdi breathe ress sig “ — — nungerungerudong breeze (lit. little wind) — — madako

WEST COAST

OF THE GULF OF

9

CARPENTARIA.

Negalakan Inland Tribe.

Allawa Inland Tribe.

Mara Gulf Tribe.

Wandaran Gulf Tribe.

Nungubuyu Gulf Tribe.

nokukewein jerima, mojere jalabeiu kodapul

manba nguyemin konkongarukan

mir’para abolokoi

kojonko ngomamin bordeok nukumiliwara boromele ameliji

kokel

gongokkaja konkokowo

nokomeritji

wanji nokobinbinjala ngongoru-mittina kogeyaruk mutyerin baramujerinkori ngoloko kolanga

jeruk

badakolyi

| mirparabolkmin

ngunbein

munun

geiwaru kokadawa kongoi baruk appuji mokorai

jukubura merehercok kongor-ngaraka kokalekale ngurda nukewen-menakacha ngorongoromin ngungerengere munonnon

yakular yumbar’war | ngiyala jardi

maya muayar

yakul dawun

yajaja watyulan mabala ladatji wanajonoga yetni nkorokoro-arabun wiyara monkngan jili ngoknembeli lalkan

imairi

borumol badyu-ngeneyunu jawanda manangar koyo-nyakabundunanga yamini

wolbol

! tjolaiki

| jangar balananyedan kalni

fess

| kabotmain

lelmin ngomnemberli kopotji

ngoleii narkarigenu _hyutnyut wajalk kalawa molawari lelmi

| yakular’wanda | motnamban ngerinembcli bayinga-bajaja

yakular

yaramba, ngari

mimbi kongoru kalaja or’nygajangane jiwa

barara

nialertu janda koroa weritju weriawoliji

maromaro jeli ngalakama lalgan

meritji

burumol binbinjala

| leipngajura

manangar koyo-ngandayarungoni balwai

ngaruko

rayi

dayanajanaja kalngajuli

+ wakmin

olkariyi

kabutji

ngoleji

' buumi

nyeknyck

wajalk

molkoruru muluwari

bupling

wakoru, walemar wulayakuluyana motkoma ngeranengama wiyajijungu

nayakular ayalamba ora

wonengo

mangaliangarani ujiwa

wolowolayayalinga

goweritju mongoloja mowangoro

woamba

anyangurubandi

moualawar

balwai aworoko

| i

t t

nidinawi riyul

| ijar

Janda wanja

artan, eirta

; ninbuli

naragan

mibiruja, wijangi, sojuju niulmul rulbukumu rulbo

aladi urudunawin baugana neibaware larawa wangurak unarabach dodoju unadi umulum

ieigobadi anubaiyandung,

bunuyiligung marin, oulmu nunga

. nangambina

enadung uit baragana rungul

, wurugy

norudo ugar wabuli nugarung wanuwang rikat udumaty

_uruwurui

ubulubi bungali nibadaramung olan

bobaya ulimuk nalnawi uapara ulmare

budula ulmerinyung niyalgi uading, baruwagiyuwung nungunung lanwin-wirik

10

VOCABULARIES OF THE

TRIBES OF THE

English Rittarungo Rembarunga Ngandi Inland Tribe. Inland Tribe. Inland Tribe. bring... ak ia aes deta — 7 mae broken wstg ade pee | yaldayadamerekongo daimin mawarejal brother fase ea ae oe | Wawang moro niaoyu buffalo (Bos bubalus) 26 - | talatala _ anganaparu bug (Hemiptera) .... av —_ — ie i bullroarer ithe ba dered ae _ anurudoni bullroarer sound (also name of mythical being) a ne = — — burn... oe see ” e. | nNarangara nganyarumin nganakin burrawang fruit (Cycas) ‘ ngato i — ngato burrow eo ane «= | roto yeleyutmin kokonjo bush-fire i tapo, kodapo —_ kudangikujapul butterfly sak : — = ae? bye and bye .... ann a — = au | Call “ee bey - | kawuna narakauwa nokaudong camp... tie eid ow Wanga jeni kurere can wt the Bd -—— om j inst cannibal ..., Ae ae want te talananjal nitananjal ! cannot a Site + | mandunngaramai ve as canoe... ee -- _ capsize ne tte «| lorubouna lorubomin nidirupakpin Carty oA e i —= _ _ catch it E ‘ » | marani tamangera nuramiang caterpillar pene wits Ane = _ = catiish .., ed ath kalki | war’ma ningury cave (€or rock shelter) ts —. - — centipede sex ‘ mala —_ | ramala chalk (or kaolin) ey kamenuko kamanuko, kamanungu kamanoko, kokamunnuko chest ow. 46 «+ | karda berenao kobere chiton .... es ati a _ _ : cicatrix mi sete 2 - | kanma ; kanma makanma circumcision a korukadakoni dangulateicha nunuguldaktung clap-hands sive sire j purnuma narabora naruborudong clean hd aa ponkawa korukowal adaukdauk clever a deat _ naipana-kaikaninda —_ i climh ae — | narabetpuna nukapeltung close... es shi. on barukomai | onyadcke uruburu cloud ... ade é is a — — kokonong club, fighting- esd eke ioe — waruruko j maroruko cockatoo, black (Calyptorhynchus j banksi) o | darabiyangara darabiya kadarabiya i - white (Kakatoe galerita) marupor marupor angerik cocoanut wee wees —_ _ — coffin (painted log) .... sete of — — —_— cold (Iam) .. ae a «» | Moruyo-ngara nganmorumin nangolubittin o (we all are) sad ew. | Neuruyunangara + namamurudi » Owind) oo. : “ — manmurumin tamatimn come here (to one) .... is kaiyo ; woii nouwa A » {to many) és 7 ae s+ up (one) aw. | berayun barabal hakori 2» oo (to many)... d — barajarupol babere common yess yindi tarupal — kodarupal consider Sie = 6 om _ i ngeketala ngingawan nganangachini yanachi coral ow. pret, oes sate vee | ~ _ — corroboree wide ai s maracn, wakalnuma ngolalanaranoka, ; gomet yapurwurwa cover... sted an ise —_— — _ crab see ads 2s «w. | merapo — —

crayfish

WEST COAST

OF THE GULF OF CARPENTARIA.

11

Ngalakan Inland Tribe.

burra komoritmin nubtipw nokowali

muralpindi

kunur ngorongin mungato koyeleturuin kodappor

burukaumin kurere, mopul talakur yarbuttin

jumanga

ngoropol nokomala mupim, mobeim kobere mobinderin nubandariwuna

daukdauk jalkanguru-mengoltji ilabirula

kakengmul

waroruko

nokodarabiya nokongerik

numarumarumin, ngogodalmin nokodelmin kokonginyabun . burubere buruyaru burubol

inbaba narubonyi

kolangur, kongomet

Allawa | Inland Tribe.

Mara Gulf Tribe.

Wandaran Gulf Tribe.

Nungubuyu Gulf Tribe.

notnotnot baba wali

mabayar

tjatjineni, jatmun nulenu | wobo bardbarda

kanamban borda

wajinja moarta, yalga deilbak

| wetkanu

milindiwar ngarambili kabunol meremere borokon gejanji burburnene karayara malwiya wulambur

waruruko, kolururu

| leradoma

ngerola

madunjingene

madunjujilenu madun wakatjikono

” najinikono yelajinikono

mabingeranu

lJeiwa

bijiwar

ngawayi wali

biberu

baknganeji, darauli ngato wadka balwai

ngaratpur moarta, moara kapkoji ngalangala ngalabura maranga

borokon borikojili karayara wabal maingajura tekai

mala waruruko

leradoma ngerola

lurugun takngangoina

karai, yala

karowoi, yala

wajalngo langur

waril jimbala

rawali

omobor

wadpuru

modara

mitjurungu

, amala

alarkamena

olokoru

okraiyara

udikai

awarak maralngar

kawo

kawonoya

bayarigi malamun namuruyu meiwu naguridi

anagina ngato marigagi ura urumelijiu urugu

bantyagi

ungaui

yanawuri

nunuy ini

yangi

rungul, manaronguk mabudungnung bawaugurang balimung lugurung nungnure garar

mala laramagana, narakamen oroi

emumokaro

ngainma

baubiaguldi nuramamalung nimarabulei

harudung

warubaj

mariri, mabaruko

nangari ralna sattara

mouradi, namauradi

namaurading mareka baning

2 wijori douaruyal uwigiri nabijanayi larami wolangoru

baroradang ngarulu imalmi, dangawuk

12

VOCABU

LARIES OF THE TRIBES OF THE

English | Rittarungo Rembarunga Negandi Inland Tribe. Inland Tribe, Inland Tribe. creek... tis an avd +. | bongondo bongondonao kobongondo crocodile vite tei wee we | kadokado karokaro nanguru crooked hie aise ws merekongo bordijarng alungalunga crossover Sees Paks ave boroptonngara — | nuboroptarukonakin crow (Corvus cecilae) dais - | Wawa wawa awawa crowd (of people) 1... an «» | dappal tarupal atarupal cry tee a si % w. | ngatiyuna karonurun barogurogena curlew (Burhinus magnirostris) .... — — —_ cut ate Pat hy ty «. | daktunngara | ngareiteitja nardattu | Dance ... ose em aes wakalyuna naroworoworoka balambu dark ne ante a we | konmoktenangai kaiwalangununmin kokonmoktin daughter (or myd.) .... ois «wa | toikonyauto _— nadenkinangi dawn... ae sot ites w. | malpararayouna | kamalkalkalbar kojordoudi day ou. tes eds vb iss = kekubur kaikobur dead... hans sen ie -- | belengai koyupana banauyarumin niwattin deaf (lit. sick hearing) be -.» | daaman-merekongo neke-makana-mukmin nakana-mukti dalaman-muktana | deep... ate std seed ww | lotal | mongiyangiyang koloton demand eit te des we | koropoloni dewanewareko | ngachiyarakaja- nunuanung dew fons heat eed eis kerain —_ kokerein die bebe wat see ant « | koyupana bananyarumin niwattin dig ate ide ane den belamai | nanganguruma nungurumtung dilly-bag inet bey sete o. | mejeru donbokon ) worangoin dingo (Canis dingo, wild) .... vue | Warto jamo agawere dirt eins tan 7, eye jolka kojolkoiyung, jolkaman | kojolkomak dirty oa. ese ake ines jolkamere badajolkoi abarutajolkoi dive aod tei Ny waiwaiyuni yaryaranarangeryiniana | ningeryura dog (Canis dingo, tame) oo | arwartu jamo j awartu do it)... ante weik tee ses — — —_ do not know ... fee is ils — nakwadiwaba ngakodi drink... ote tha dots we | kapolukini najuladoma nubungunung drone pipe (blowing stick) os | yidaki letungman numalkan drop... ate hiss weed aw. | kalkenangai dungman arukpang drown ... ah ote a lorloryuna julajambar-alulmin kojakiniburudi dry thes aaa sie pon w | dardaryungara — nikapur duck ayy ane the ow. | jingadar jeribink —_— » big black (Anas superciliosa) — — —_ » diver (Phalacracorax) jingadar karakarak | makarakarak » burdekin (Tadorna rajah) i — — _— »» whistler (Dendrocygna eytoni) —_— jeribiuk jeribiuk dugong (Halicore australis) _— —

‘ line... sees tase pot — a “

i spear had Sues as —_ j — _

4 speathead a — — a Eagle (Haliastur) .... Ste be —_ —_ —_ ear Fea ivi mys Shi «. | talaman | talaman makanam east ih oe pee et a. | rawarangbala yura | rawetreich earth ... olde Vika ive jolka — kojalukoe eat ‘igen is sei int lokengara danguna nurangunung erg feeb Beeb pate ak galan kalangnao kokalang elbow .... vine aie . e = mie kokolonganda empty Soi oss sae ee, _— | —_ — emu (Dromaius novachollandiae).... | wayin urupan urupan eye ast dene ad hee we. | melja nganjula manganjula eyebrow Sse x — ats _— nginyingoro maminyigoro eyebrow louse (Phthirius inguinalis) | balabalangara minyingoro balabalangara

WEST COAST OF THE GULF OF CARPENTARIA.

13

Ngalakan Inland Tribe.

kobor nanguru (large), or janambo (small)

lungulungu nuruborapa waparayang burumalko kurunurum

norodaitja

nurulukka komononmin welengegeni rorowalakokojodaa kaikubur

nyarmin nukana-mukmin

kokaluru

jolowonengutja kongele nyarmin ngungurumin moworengoin nokogawere kongokojolkoderder jepei ngoigonger-yongon kaja ngomolkaitja ngueguna monkomol jongorukangin, ngoromin wega jingaruk-goin kokapurk

makojokojo

jeribiuk

moural

yurara

kojoluko dunguninguni, ngowin kongalpur

ngurundui monganjula muminyingorong monkominyingoro

Allawa Inland Tribe.

Mara Gulf Tribe.

ungolma

dardajara kondoitmain lawonyulala wangolai weiga ngalanembeli korabi jarijalni

karnene ngeitma

wonariri, mitilambal jangan guardai-niba

laliba

jangal galngar wangi korurere halga barapmain limnala artu ngaingaelya kolnene wolomba watnaiman

naworalkanya boiboiboi julaiki Tbibiwalina

ungoarta anakadi jangul yalunu apungu morinji kanajaja ngolor ibechibechi

dardajara kondokondok naonaojura wanganangin uljari

lolama

kalngamanji

karangamai nanabada nigandadai naonara ugabaroma kuarda-murdu

Jalkuru

ngabaroma walwarinya bindawara belkoru

karwiri

jabat kolngajuli kalombo yurunby

worungainga bonji

karakarak jeribiuk walja ngadorugo rattaru

tewangowango koarta wangayana naluwangoranja ngajinjin waruko

morinji juruiwiri makuru, mago jaminjamin balabalangara

Wandaran Gulf Tribe.

Nungubuyu Gulf Tribe.

amaraman

anguluri owuleomoleomoin kowonyanai luluriundima walulu

dawon

nolkapa yolomokami

nolkapa raongan

wanporanja

awongama oardoko

wirik alar

larakula barawaragin nanugatjang uwak arawindi barugona walula ngangopaluna

bawunana, amboana unamudi

nanigi

ulubi

nilagadi

unawi, umugu nawamudi, neimuk

j agararily, agardu

nibuyu lami unawin aban kariman yeiril nungarung upan warabulu landok nurumi aremuga angalanga

urupini, naudanhari

ningumbi malkalalir magalabil gundunuruogu dindiera narukualitj nardogo rataru

jimindi

ramalila abanwarawara amboi, bungui uadogu mulun

warai

wain

bakalang munjun munditj

14 VOCABULARIES OF THE TRIBES OF THE = — —— — << English Rittarungo Rembarunga Ngandi Inland Tribe, Inland Tribe. Inland Tribe. Face ow. aa oe anal ees — walamangokori gowolmor fat ingests ait tees wee | jawal konnao tuakon father (includes father’s brother) .... bapan nyaragene ninyarang fear or 2408 eehe iat 4 ae —_ — I few dete 148% Sant ann id = wangarideke mamoruko fight a ess. Pay ow. | bonamere narabuidina baboidina fill it up! Ai ine Rn oie — najululura nukujurudong | finger... ah sods 1a a | kong langin komar » nail if nie He AEs, |; birninao gobining j finish wine P oe si = | nareboa kokarodi fire whe hy 4a 3 we | koruta ngii kadangi firestick Re a 44 torupo duruman gongoni firewood a uty ss wes | bal pal gobal | fish ae wae end ee ws | kolya jein ajen : fishing line... ete tose ureru ae = fish-net “ae vit maijambar bokor mayambal | flat “ive sas ire ied — _— abelkbelk flesh... wa tate Fas » | dango dankonao kudangu | flood a. ih afta t. | Warajara jorujoru mawarajara i flour... eos Fie ww | kandere kandere makandere | fly (a)... Rye Les) ees «- | botja bot abot | flying-fox (Pteropus) a | wariny | warinyo awarinyu flying phalanger (Petaurus) ee — —- | fog aes. wait st we ) karain kerengnao kokeren i foot sont a fe: ‘ loko janga kadeng | forehead aaive a « | janamba _ warumo ! forget — nawarakamin ngaijurakadi ! four = ieee _ — = | frog ve vie del fork _— koutwong-koutwon anardi | full ante et aos fs tarupalmuka nawarudapalmin mabalbaldi f ‘full up” (“Pidjin” for plenty) tarupal tarupal akali full up (satiated) ade aie me — nawarudarupalmin nawarukaletin | Gammon (lie) fee we | yuiryunani nginyurumin niuruduni girl eee ah one oe | nading bdaramarinmarin bomalamalapa, bamarinmerin give tone ates «ws | koloporoni dadewana nuragan ga test — — _— Eo away see seve oo we. | Waneni inyiongura nurudong goana (Varanus) we we | wokoi ! wokoru H abijai good... sity etsp * namakulingai i ngeketama, mamein | aburuma, imaktin good-bye ial at eine «+ | belemoka | _ kalajaboin goose (Anseranus semipalmatus) ... | languna jamoi langunayung grandfather ..., are eats _ nhoringene nimurdi grass... seks « | rolpoituru rul kunoto grasshopper on tee —- japoreidein japoreidein green... oe nee es we) yota kurukuwal akolkol green ant (Oecophila smaragdina) | malak badamalaki amala grinding stones sere » | gomal gomal kokolchi 3 upper deve — ls ot a lower ieee fel —_ — — grog... om aie = eo rae, grow af we | damulbituna yaratmin yaratmin Hair ww. aaa os jamoi moror ; majere ! hair-belt Sue ise see vw» | morton malberi ngaderin hand att oh we | kong ngarin komar : happy . . - seve «. | ngorupin | yolmamin ngayorumaktin hard . see tees drerdrer aderder

15

WEST COAST OF THE GULF OF CARPENTARIA. \ Negalakan Allawa Mara Wandaran Nungubuyu Inland Tribe. Inland Tribe. Gulf Tribe. Gulf Tribe. Gulf ‘Tribe. gowalama ngoloru makura = yi mumena joma | ngaitpa, joma = | mangatj nomok-konowi goni | nababa a ! bubba ae 2. Be, xe ' wumudanawi ) nunun-ngulkurmuk mandiwikayi wanginwangin uluwanginwangin i ungulawa | moropoitina yombara rangnerikalana — amboimjina, | nukorutinga jinjini f — — boiyappan kongarin moritji | moritji _ marang kobining roro lakarau jaunar ngwoimin bingamon —_ — baojadoga gongoi obo wadkar aombur ngura konkongoni ; marama bodalan mayanga uduamun kokolering wobo wadka — raugak ujen aka, balguru walanyan awalanyan ujija as arurbi jibar — uteri —_ yambal yambal nanja ' lepel belmain | belmin = olabalami kodango gombi gombi — langt muhbalkar maraman ' warajara = nugu mankokandere kandere kandere ne | kandere bot wondel kondel | — ; omoin nokokimbpat korababa koreala ) — mualibanugari — — — ne yokkonug bo kongele == Med fea wugi | konyaman deanga jarubo — mon walama melendi melendi _ inak ) mumenmukmin mokmuiman — —_ narundalabi — — eae — umarununbaj nardi jolgo nardi raiulwa dabararuk balpalmin yamu jari lutkinga umedaui ngorungolkomin wiga uljari — awularang,dala ngoworutmin beringamban beringana _— niwalaraung \ inyuarupmin ' wululendi oVielinindi _ nukuali jokowelenge, mir’para, bulobulo gerea barar, janawa _ mananung, nalagi wunidura pemimbi — _ nibi =a — naijura —_ barumang nyinyarabun wenya ula, tjuiola jiandi boroman, nirtmmanung, i barumung takkal | gerara wadabir —_ okoi | yalalamin, makobamma | jomar yomara gomaranjara ambalaman, uril : jabuin ; moro guda wiya wia nukulanguna languna languna = nunma nur(d)urro, durdo : kanganggo ngamori = | - konoto jeran wiji | mada nukujarureidein jatpatpulunga jabodeindein _ daburuk nokodaukdauk —_ korokal | orukoru madananulnalui — — Sin i = mararang kokolchi — konji : —_ ' morir } — koyaoja - i _ ; = = wolchi i | = es i i —_ unigi yaratmin kalalwinya — _ | warading | moral binjor mudur mudur = mong momangaral wedera udiga =e laribiru kongarin moritji moritji ow tmarang, gura nguijolmamin ningaya yomal yumarajula yomarunginga mundu — —_ dirdir cr =

16

VOCABULARIES OF THE

TRIBES OF THE

English Rittarungo Rembarunga Inland Tribe. Inland Tribe. hat (corrohoree) aed odes ees — kajakaja hawk mi — _ head a... Sees aie yen ah — rar head lotise (Pediculus capitis) .. | micha mi hear * au tea As — pas heart .... bese te ones dor ug heavy... ie thes boss «. | nemnemdungara ngaiyowalmamin heron, nankeen (Nycticorax cale- donicus) .... eat? tet — ra iss reef (Demiegretta sacra) .... — jer’kolokolo hide (ta) konjiwirechina nginyuinditina hill en peek ine tee we. | ngorojeiryuna ngoronao hit eh cae sare eave barupo ngoni dzabuna hold oe — it hoie on gah olds Bao .. | dopon kayeleyu honey bee (native) .... am. _ — hook, fish- ite ite bene ureru = hot ons ak eee ave .. | dardar mangara ngadadarumindala humpy ras ae ath, w. | torokol torokolnao hungry sav Bat she ww. | Marujayunangara najula-nginyarumin hurt tee wee Bes anne ta oo —_ husband Sie the oo a. | badadengmere = I fe save fous ge ngara — Insect .... =e ay ide _ _ iron bee ong ze aan wo. | dawun jJambaka is it not? a4 take athe — ngeke island .... ie ss are —_ kambanuo Jabiru (Xenorhynchus asiaticus) — — jealous ben anti — marnakundakan jerboa mouse (Notomys) ss —_— — jump... his aie ae we | urokurokni narworoworoka Kangaroo = tjaitja goein $s big ree urupungula — 5 plain od svi we | luwar’min | karichambal kick ae ate aaa Aes — —_ kidney .... ke er eens e.. | bandi , bandi kill 2320 dk ety sae ... | langongarakoyoppana | Ngamerea-nganyaruk | kanging kingfisher (Dacelo leachi) ... korobo ' bandanga, kalmaokokman| knee... a0 a4 ate Pen — | — knife, iron- .... ‘iste Bs — kajet ‘y stone- .... ae ‘ies w. | waretambal kr knock up i bayakteri ngara ngrabayakmin know... 20, se ee — ngakoabolkoi kulaman, flat (wooden dish) ee ae 3 boat-shaped —_ > Lame... merdekongo nekejarungmin laugh J a dordoryuni nadawakwakka leat ner aie asd manjara manjar leech jimi jimi leg on ate ads baka tarupi letter (book) _ Ses lie wee ee athe yuiryunani | nginyurumin lift = —_

Ngandi Inland Tribe.

kokajakaja

ami

kudor

: angotngot

» akomolo

kanandara nuyindinyang kororon nuwaguludong

kuleye

nibot ngadarudarumo kodorokol ngaialuti

nabadaderemowei

ngaya

jambaka

kambalurunga

lganji baherijaippam i ray \

nuarauptung H

aderu, aderik karichambal

kohbandi

nganuramdinuwatti akoppou

komor

akajet

wareman

nabayaktin ngakojanachiholkoi

barijaktin i nukurimiang komanjar ajimi gokanda

niuruduni

17

CARPENTARIA.

Ngalakan Inland Tribe.

Allawa Inland Tribe.

OF

Mara Gulf Tribe,

; ngaia

mokotkot

nokomii

kudor nguyolmamin

mangadebedebe nokokandaru nokomdangana

ngukulmin konkuyele mubot ngoladpo konkojolpan maraolmin

badakelmarinyi

jambaka

gokanduyun

tjonaran orangminmin

nginworoaoka

urkulin

kanaruki

kobandi

ngumare gnunyarukangin bandanga

kobon

nokokajet

mujara

nokadarumin ngokoijalga

bordubordeok nuruwakwakka kobel

jimi

kokanda

inyuarupmin

kajakaja dedejar

miondol

kapuru kolmain

matpangar dalarala yolknene kodaro yangana ngugalngar wondel arurbi woinenene wambi wajarungene

kaikainganji

jimindi nginyane lolga

merknanya kolotji yawinya

warubaro kerembo yarak’la

werugil

muirimal

jimindi

wanyin, wareman, korowalya

nelknala

uyayelyanibi

lengar

obonga

dingaldingal akoakmin lerin amakama dowola

Wandaran Gulf Tribe,

Nungubuyu Gulf Tribe.

kodari marangoro delwul

bulbul

walmin

matpangar dalarala darukngano manoga kalikomanji

wujuja

| kondel

kaulbi

tartnama

baran wayarungayanga

nuginjane lolga

walmin

werukkola

kerumo

jadokal, jarukual

bandi

ngandayari ngabaroma

koral mirimalu jangane

wanyin ngayeinganga ngatyalya kulaman

dingaldingal yayajujungu lerin migamiga duula, gangon

walmaia

anuoma

rakerumo radaroga

nabujur

ugudari gorujojo mi nawongina wurui neimundul

nalgu

marala

angujolobi

wabin

banurayang, barawadung

| bawuwanagang

gara

ngokol

bigangi

ngaradarumi, udadamun umutl

amariadi

banwubina

nakulku

kankanyung bulayi

rilgi

ungi niulibali orandenden babin

nearuke lilagu ajabul banuwanung erewo

mambarai ural

lan maragi

laga, moutoluk amawi umaaboe

nibabadi bunganung wugiya mattal

larupi

ubiba

niawali barulalagang

18

VOCABULARIES OF THE TRIBES OF THE

English

Rittarungo Inland Tribe.

Rembarunga

light (of torch) ,

» Cin weight) ... ins lightning eon esd win one lily, edible water- (Nymphaea stel-

lata) seni » damper sei 2 «seed ae or, ats » root > stems oe ce ite

lip ete ous listen . little sees ot is » while dee tes aes live frias be see bide Hiver ou. iene lizard, blue tongue-

» frilled ... shee

” water... S53 ates long oo. Ry, die aise long time nied Jace aaa

sway es loud... dey mini Fe lubra A shi wees lung ow. ved ase ese

Make ow. ie nate oie

Malay ... aed sais as man oo. tone tate aes mangrove ts ees are mantis tots cits bine many ... te eas eee march fly (Tabanus) sit, married-man ... ae eves marry... bere ie we mast ws mat oe ne weal

me bie eae ae meteor ... a ton

milk ou... a yee Ae mine .... sie aes sae moon see esi morning at mosquito ae mother Fete i mountain sieht wens aby mouth .... wee thee ann mud... ance ste an murderer +b yen haf music... fhe aes

» of clapping boomerang » of drone pipe ....

x, of two sticks .... an Native black plum .... 4

+ companion (Antigone rubi-

eumday ... tae rs cat (Dasyurus) 3 fig (Ficus glomerata,

etc.)

» pheasant (Centropus phasia-

ninus) tee wee

roro maimaiyun

dattam ngorokja dattam wawandal

yutokainyan ngaltir kolmoro jJangur doruborong jakakurtimai walekuru baruko nyolonyoloyun nadinwai jenberer

mantun

barti badadingmere

ngaramuka ngarako kolkeiya

barti

doron

dardar yuru letunkango

ngarako

banami * ranyuluk

»» plum (Buchanania)

; ngatyalangrormin | kamaimai

dattam ngoroknio dattam

kolanao

dakonao

! marlok

topolon jangoru molomana jakageiyang miutjinda wonyanattin narayonga tinkapul wodowodo

namaninya

* tarupal

winyinwinyin bardadingui ngabadadingi

nginda

pipt indakan danitanin barti ngalan kokoloyuru. dala

lonjo barajerima kangonyao

bodolko kachurwumbana wanwan

Inland Tribe.

Ngandi Inland Tribe.

abegcbege maimaidi

madattam mamelingen madattam muabalkol

kokola adakokaina konjoktongawin kudeo akurumurlo ajangoro ajaruka adokmai yanatji parokikmai nukaudong wadea woroworo

mamatingtung

akali

aborol

badadingui nabadadengui dandea

ngaika

kongam ngaikanigin, ngaiko nikurunga konmokobi

abardi

nanganang, manang kororon

kodakula

kolonjo bangayangleri nabelpeltung babupbup

ngaikanigin, nganangi

maundan

banami adangidangin mawanwan

kurundula beriki

heriki

19

WEST COAST OF THE GULF OF CARPENTARIA. Negalakan Allawa Mara Wandaran Inland Tribe. Inland Tribe. Gulf Tribe. Gulf Tribe. roro bolbolbo bulbuldu | bulbul mameimmin mimimnembele yaminji ane mudattam yalbun js yalbun -—— _ jangoyala jangoyala wis mudattam — yalbun -— momboron dola dola 4 _— barana badu, tjatitjau -— kodala — injawanda = i miripara badjadja | geiro eiko | ingunbugi wonyaki | ngorinda — kokewe ngadowado : —_ —_— nokokolomolo jayawuru . waduwadu —_ baltjura kabala dalngonji - barangari mangar muarangaranga — ugengen rokarala rokalara alokarara ipunda wandininyu kayari — kokodaken | ngalbi nanai ranyanai ngurunyawa ngaikanji dawadawaya ' = wurwurunga | wadea ngerea — koutjal ; ngerencmbele ngeruminy ont mumumaninyan yomaranu jarangajuju - =a | ar karirimal i ars pas | =e ; sts co _ ogorowarena — oa ngolka ‘ weiga balwat ulinjilikari bolor i worala : borala -— burubataboloboloi, geiwa kondiyar | urumaigula — ngobadaboloboloyi | yelemaikola i neranu — — — J = —_— — boromol | ae ngaika | nginadi ngena i os — : —_ dilwanja j -—— kojenge ngabolo konyan — ngaikanigin ngahainya ngena —_— mangal wadangari dangadanga angaladi monomonoinds merendinibogi —_— — nokobarti mola mola jumanang, maima | goja | kajeri, nkarinya oe konkoyun _ -—— | — kodala — | ngandal — monkowaitjal i wajal : -—— — nokojerima yombar’ war » molongoa — nurulerleri —_ — I oo — ngalaengalaenu nalayakanja | — Pies: 2 hee os | neaikanigin eed i — i tet > i | mowom = ; = aS i ' | bodorulko darukmanji kodaruko ; — ! nvolok wanambira | manambira : akaburunguna ! mowanwan wuninyara | guningyara -— i bukbuk — | bukbana : — mongotii i _ | vimuru =

Nungubuyu Gulf Tribe.

ulati neigaga nomindi

ayak, tyuk udanagun

wudan

lagula hawarumbali wirilx

udaj

nibuli

amau

liruk walljuri kalamu ujamayalmaj ubaniugatj unyanac amadajun minmanung anderi

goagini, momandi, barumaiguna tjudaka

mnnar

dala

walar ningimant nigimanu bagaijalyarar barar

ngaya

i mime

ngayawi

matindi, labuma namugigach mola, mutul ngarika, naregung wabin

ramation

manauna

nurung balamurung naninbaregi lambilbilik, soluru wialbilik

wondaruta orulambaj nungerata

obok

monjoi

20

VOCABULARIES OF THE TRIBES OF THE

English Rittarungo Rembarunga Ngandi Inland Tribe. Inland Tribe. Inland Tribe.

navel... fete tae aie — nanar kongorol near aes Ess ww | kalki iningianaburu nurudongburuburu necklace =n done dee = = mamangororo needle .... ate Pes a ah a ae = net tue We eae pate ad 3 mabuku new Lee ane yee vee | uta, barakurukual akolkol no sai avié anus nA fXe | Spat ban mai, korak + good f merckongongai | — warijaktin | north .... — Sod ad 33 ngorerot yube ngorich ! nose oa. ess sues ths a. | ngoro ; — | kogiban i nothing te aed aid ww. | Yukango | waba ayakko i not true ibe di aide ow. | YUruyuruni inyurumin niurudi Old tres ree dye ens a. | balai | mitjinda nayanatji

> man . . aids . | mori _— jaulba one ween oan woe were wees < = tad epossum (Trichosurus) ota we | mirtiwere do ado other side... vate sabe ate — — =e our od a sas se. ww. | ngarako yandakan ngaiko over there pee posts tice ngorokoi koda | nakeman oyster... — ne swe a = = Pad (native road) . “a wandangoporo —_ koyol paddle .... ate sage nes cm — as = paint oneself (to)... aon . | burupuru-kananuma _ burupuru-kaena paperbark ne Tie anh ... | kongo kaja kogeje pearl... é eae shape. on — 7. _

» shell thee we sees oute — _ —_ pelican (Pelecanus conspicillatus) _— kalkolt | nikolkol | penis... “4a ke sik nie _— ngola / mangol i pick up ets wah aie — — — —_ pierced nasal septum — —_ gulayi pinch... teas ads — _ _— plain country .... ann Haus, a. | towarngara dowar gowarara play gine see te wes aw. | wakaryurulngalema,

wakalyuru-warema narakuluka, naradakaluka| katjalmiang plenty .... aa age ‘an ay yindi tarupal nawarudalpalmin bakali plover (T.obivanellus lobatus) as — _ _ poison ..., fact sind ais .. | merekongo —_ mawarejal porcupine (Echidna) manapun jerimanga manapun pretty (faec) — ae a —_— — — pubic tassel. shed aed =. | polnyin | tjuttjut kojutjung ! | Quail (Turnix) ne ude Sea — — _— quick... ae ate Pe — | warewarekodala, yarakaja | wariwarikuyn

quiet ow. tase mete cae aw. | yelkei yowatta ngotnurudong Rain wise a Patt «. | nial, nialkja dula anyal rainbow ed sie Free a. | amoi moitjman omotji rat sie hy aay, ae | Fajerikin jerikin ajiriki i red fen de note vay ngeringerika, ngerimere | ngerei, ngerenao angeringerika, angerewei | red ochre (ruddle) .... .. | maingo merawongi ; amaingo : reeds : Se a | jelibijelibi majawara | majelibijelibi : right... ‘ie oe a jonkolomoka ngakoa-bolkoi | nako-bulukui, jaboinkala ripe stk seve Wels sues ue — — i — river i ae «.. | bongonda, ngaiyangula | bowanao, palupa kobalupa | rock sie Aan ire ane a. | jondo jondo | kojondo root sun whe ae ood «. | wandal wandalnao ; wandal i rope EB 7 tarupa 7 — | rotten -. | barupa-ngauton nuru | ananjara round .... tty ar re Sox ao ~ | amujur

21

WEST COAST OF THE GULF OF CARPENTARIA.

| mujimbi

Ngalakan Inland Tribe.

Allawa Inland Tribe.

buruburungindura momangororo monkomanapa burukolkol ngubudeokmin ibai

kojer

kacha

inyuarumin

yippunda ngoboila wongin tukula ngaikanigin konberenan

koyol nuburupur-katjena kokat

nukubaiya

konkokowarara

inkaluka, kokalukmin molko

latja

kotjout

yarakaja ngotminya

moe nokomotji

rurte

ngerei

maingo

nokwoyijalga, jaboinwoi konkahor

koberin

kodaktjarri

wukor yoro-malaja-malaja

wolambur ' mangarururu |

| olkolar

yambal wonyaya wadat wenejenoga lengidi goyomor mandi wulwul

kadarinjina

nolo bondobondo

mangan

kabunuldunene

inelengoara

woranjinya

woronembele, woromimbi weiga, woika

molobiri, wobola

maruban

joruga lalwinya

michal yadalkonjama kolotji jilenmain maingo wiyara

yomal

walba ungodara duula yibar arwa namul

Mara Wandaran Nungubuyw Guli Tribe. Gulf Tribe, Gulf Tribe. _ _ mala tekai _ | warubatj ngareru _— muramura —_— —_ jaru = —_ umuni makawara — upatoar wayi —_ lalabin wijuna, nuguya — aladi imiana a umbiala ijiri _ imoruk wariya, maloi — wari wolowanga — —_ _ = | ubuga jaulba — ; wopunugaj, yungunyang wargin _ | ajabungich kojani ~ ulambak —_ _— agagala niia _ nungura — — banu jorjoruk — laramin jarubo bakarukumo — adi maiwatjawa —_ | miaja oborumakalan — numbararena yalan — lewa | _— —_ oumbakalang holabola — mutiara | balubalu —_ mapulu jagul —_ munwuyi _ —_ bawulalagang Sore — banurinung woran _ Jamumulung karaumai —— ngamboikina, nagarngina jari — arawindi —_ _ willi werichu — muwuya molulberi ngerumanga yoromanga makoyomari —_ — tjuttjut — mindi — a gawululuk karitjal —_ mangolongolok, bangalangalang morinmorin —_ uwuldi gobijiji —_ anbana widagama - maring prutprut _ ludi jelinmin ~ nalnal donyodonyo — loni — — larawa a wiiga lala, mayaunia —_ _ larung balba _ alar manoga —_ noka monda _ laomok, kakil ngadorgo _ nardogo = makarua uril _— ubelmain udawaraumi

22

TRIBES OF THE

English rub ate ane ate ‘ ie run bas sich : = Sail vier wii L. : saltpan ‘ tate eis saltwater “ee

saltwater country ...

sand

sandfly

sandhill eat nats seratch aa

scrub (low jungle) .... sea bream bits bias

search ... sea-weed ue abe see aia ies ar shade... ate

» hut shadow es, a shake ow. ns ete shallow vie dees shark ... ale ote sharp... vet ies shell .... = os ite shield shooting-star .... edt shore... ies vite

short ..

sick (c.f., bad)

;, (stomach pains) sinew we bie site sing ae ee es

> (encompass death

and magic)

» out sister... ate ee sit down skin (to) asa >» Chuman) sky Fi sleep oa. slow we oes weds smell (to) smoke .... het ita smooth oe snake, harmless Seas sf poisonous SNeLZe te espe soft Aine son (or my son} SOTE ae SOTTY an See south .... sie speak spear (ta)

3 barbed Ms Ss fish Rise oes ” stone » wire

by

pointing

Rittarungo Inland Tribe,

Rembarunga Inland Tribe.

Negandi Inland Tribe.

yotortni

marakulupuinyu marakulupulu tambor, ratjar winyinwinyin tambur-nurpitnara

konyol torokolya konyol

karao merenamakuli

kurti

: bolalmanji

dardaryuruni

dardaryurunuma waturuni

yapan

duryuruni badakolameri topolk

uringara

yelki

japulyun, bholbolyun awuranka

' manangola

bar’ko

ngarakoyouto tjeitjei liadelyuna

-bakala

wangani

Warawatfa

dokol waretambal

narayuta, nginyutta

kurupulukan damburman, jolka bolor

rachanao

minicha

joroi torokol

jolakadao

merama

kolonao ngekedakali

nawarukanawaikana inkawayo

yappa

ngindura

kolanao dopolkman

| ngayngiana

yeleknorurongura, mapuyu

nawolnyamma

roanka

ngara

jerei

delkdelknao

ngindakan walkolngini

momok

ngaiwaljarungmin

yulan

nara-nyauk-nyaukka

barranga

wulmuru

wareman

wulmuru

nubungan, nuboruporutong

mattala

bamalamatalain madamburu awilwil

kororon marapdap

kojoroi kojoru kojar kokadao ajenma ameremap kongalan

madeleledi agotikanya nuwarejal

narukowalgan

narukowalgan nubarakaudong nakorai nadurudong

kukula madopolk ngainijang

mapui

koban

akelekele manangola kobar’ko kokanjalkanjal ngaikoadako nganangi kojetji jakaya-ngakodelti bakeitj ninyauknyauktong makami

Inareman

WEST COAST OF

THE GULF OF CARPENTARIA.

23

Negalakan Allawa Mara Wandaran Nungubuyu Inland Tribe. Inland ‘Tribe. Gulf Tribe, Gulf Tribe, Gulf Tribe. =, _ _ _ baiarabi nguduruein, inturuena keitkinya, keitjena daiamanji, natkola — ngambo-manjarupan, batyabang = _ tumbala | _ tombala _— — munitjarn ee lananitj monkowarti ngaloruloru maloruloru malakayak lakayak ca | govongaranjinya ! korangaran - — munkudambur, kodambur} ngeritmain ngajan, naluwa —_ mangarak, alil nokowilwil rewoi rewoi — roiliwirin a — — —_ madabung = —_ — —_— banalanina oe — ngaladkara - laganal oe _ —_ —_ telyanku _ ‘ —_— _ — baragunabarumung a — maja —_ uriruritj a —_— —_ _— barunai, nanai konkojoroi ngorokon koladu —_ wanauradi kojoroi ngorokun koladu — wobaran — _ — = malnitj — — —_ — hawuyajalung kokadao lalibawanda bonji _— ababil nokojenma rongorin jinma —_ ajar, lanaguru merema molgan mandarara nayaramba barubana, marangaritj kongolambak — raba amutiara nungi, walgu a —_ —_ os dal mowarangmoraba delngala dalakanburdu — warungun — _ _— _ ' awubul makodaruk junguln jaungbung jawongokainya | damurukk yabayaban jangal ngabarungamanji olonyaka neiyarangari, nilunguranung _ — —_ = niwababina — _ —_ — manamabi nokowane warent — _ bauraung nokowane wariyilenu waralikanja _ : nebigarayang jukawa kanembeli kawama —_ madi jiapa anbababa ngalali — amuruyu indura yapka kaitkumi _ ambupura —_ jarjarngani raojeli _ _ kukula lerubi nyadin — warikulok momingur ngondoro kondoro omala mieri ngoyongona yananene yanangajana —_ anjinga mapui balbalbi yainma, maramara _— orokori —_ — —_ — uangjangnun kowolhori jungungu jungunegu obonjol nobuli nokokelekele — a —_ umbarar ngondi kondayari tawara —_ maring yaworukarker indangalere karemola —_— marakaritj — = — —_ naragibang kodepdep _— norugo — ararnini mirparangene _ ganija —_ waruya komomok bokolyoru bobo _— tjeitji, gigi nguramaru-hureokmin ningaya wenichiongene | jalkar-werichu nganyanginya nanuanaiu yuwalam wedi " wayana _ wakianga kokoinyaukyaukka ngalmimbt ngalama —_ baiyambung — —_ | ngandaiaru — _ barakal — | dongal mayalungu laruta —_ ngarukitpa ngarukeitpa I — lalungu i barakal barakal —_ riangil mujara wanyin wanyan —_ laka, lar’ga = : by vor

wolumortu

ugana

24

VOCABULARIES OF THE TRIBES OF THE

English Rittarungo Rembarunga Inland Tribe. Inland Tribe. spider te —_ —_ spit bis Us wee aad ngalja ngal spoonbill (Plataleaflavipes) karala pulupulun spread — —

Pi sail —_ —_ stand up tareni indiana star dopolk topolk steal — nakurumia stingaree (ray) — — stomach (or belly) kolon gei stone jonda

yy «axe ike _ _

yy URMIPC: . ass ats ase ww. | waretambal k(u)r (kr)

s, head of spear .... waretambal wareman storm ngondo walulu straight orang bordima string... as ‘eis tarupa balko strong ... derder ' ngaiyalangderdermin stupid kanba kanba kobijarang suck — bane oh _ a sun = sane = alere mutta surprise, expression of .... ce nan sweat w ity nies ti any naoburumin sweet mainamakuli ngeketamaima swim wariyungara ngaworuwara Tail. Aug ni ive «| koitpol molona take... aot iis iaxe vise — Y = take it waa: _ _ talk _ _ teeth lanar kiyar testicles — waraman thigh darumorolu —_ think — _— thirsty .... kapokoyu-panangara najula-nginyarunun thread .... —_— — three ose exes 8 = at throat ... Nias aie ies kolok mangaloruloru throw af urutaijungara nawara throwing stick — mandoroa thunder bandaema bandaema tide — —_ tired dorodoroyungara ngabayakmin tit Sie pipi pipi tobacco tambaku tambaku today katura tawa toe we it = tomorrow : Iii Sagi .. | kodarupoi tanitani tortoise, freshwater (Chelodina) .... | kaiwal — totem stick baruko mayaka

track

tree eae atte see ee

» beach sheaouk (Casuarina equi- setifolia)

3, bloodwood aba

» ironwood (Erythrophiaeum)

» kulabar

» ilancewood

» leichhardt pine

» milk

x pandanus

wandangoporo, berla danda

minyarungara walan

dobal

konjak, konka

yuwulman, berla bolo

domolo jeripara walanjan

dobal pulupulu kongar

Ngandi Inland Tribe.

adulul

gongal

kokarala nujakatinyan natapolk ngarakurumai kamboma

madolo

kojondg

mareman

mareman

malulu

ajongola

mabalko

ngaderder

niwarijak nimakmai nawatji

yail | naworongorodi i amalar nawaruwarudong

molona

kurtibal

maborongor korangmele ngajakuatin

mangaloruloru norageiktan abondok

bandaema ngadorodorodi kongam tambaku

tawa kojewaru kanmokabi janoga

mamayaka mawanda kodanda

kodomolo

maniniyar

kwalan

madobal kobolopolo marok, makonja

WEST COAST OF THE GULF OF CARPENTARIA.

25

Negalakan Inland Tribe.

Allawa Inland ‘Tribe.

Mara Gulf Tribe.

Wandaran Gulf Tribe.

Nungubuyu Gulf Tribe.

nokokar gongal indagan momingurtt nuwoitmanga moworo koberin mujara

mujara munguwalulu jongolo buruderdermin barubok koikoi moatji ngolatpo mainma ngongoia

monkojikur

kugiyaruk monkoder kotarupi nguenyarmin puramuruko komangaloruloru nuwaru monkobondok

bandayama ngodatmin kojenge tambaku ingon

ngele monomondo januga

mobol, koberle kodar

konkadomolo momalbar

kojeipo monkadobal kojamararan monkorok, morok

warabawaraba amal bolonbolon jerini

jingitji ngenyingenyi ngonjal kodaro wanjuru korowalya wanyin bayinga, nangoreima yumburuitna yibar

| yerenga

nukowartawcnichinoka

wonaru amal yomar nguinala

jikura ngoyoru galappan dangnenene

ngondorungondoru yatmi banban

awaran

dedmanja

nelknaiman

ngabulu

beka

wonya

merendinyi

jankabada (long-necked) komokon (red-mouthed) deiyanga

TOoOWwOoO

_nyalnyal

malbambar motjtu onawun dobal goyen rowana

| warabawaraba

jakar

balunbulun

' babaiula

| kamerinji

korowaranga ngoingoi nganja

manoga

wanyin

wanyan

walulu

dunbur

jibar

rerireria kowartawerichu konaaru yakkai! ngorowanyin. inyarubanyaruba woingajura

jikur

kuyuru

laribirij

dola

danganiji

jarl (-— many) ngondorungondoru tokojele

ujula (flat) ngalega (round) yaminji dedmanja jelunganga konyan jangangu

nala

jarubo ngibungibuna gangobada

walojolo, mangan yolba, tabalia

janyin malbamhba motju

dobal lebolo borolo

memiri

manuwara

waluly orurunbunmain ngalngalea nayarubi

ngewerungewerungi

amuripur maniaruniaruba

amangal

alil

lakur

louiya bayajarung banuwadarijung balanga, balalagi iniy iri nimangi rabayaba kolmo

noka, malara gajanar’ moutaluk lar’ga udawun, utani runagundruk mapun, utcri watawatad nanalaladi nau-uenjang aleiru

yal

uwurij

lanilagu, lamemalung

nNangamanha

rabara bauyaigi baurumigi baiyambang ra

muyi

mango ariumawalang ngaurigulti mabu ulangbatj aluak ambarakan mangal, wanduk

ngororoa magarena mangaul mime tambaku yeiembatj mon agarei dalmara

ubulo mon, runga

manadi

aragin yibara jvipara umugo

nabu ulibululi makoi, magaj

26 VOCABULARIES GF THE TRIBES OF THE

English Rittarungo Rembarunga Ngandi Inland Tribe. Inland Tribe. Inland Tribe. tree paperbark (Melaleuca leucoden- | | dron) eats st aw | kaja dolka » kodolko >, sandalwood ses " ... | boropandala — = » stringy bark ae Pi vw. | karaika dambarujan, kodaika kodaika vs white gum wig ‘ ae —_ molongo mawamba trepang side te az =. = true att asa ates wats aw. | Wangangara-niuru- mangarabandoin jengelyu nidungan niurumai try ae oa ote cane ow. | mandungara — — turkey (bustard) (Eupodotis aus- tralis) — sous wit a. | walpurungu walpurungu warupurungu turn around ... teks ate nee _ _ _— turtle, shell- .... ie sey wae. Sf _— — —_ » green- node sae sieeHl — —_ _ =. or tortoise egg asia ww. mapo (fresh water) — os >» shell ... vane eres om _— _ —_ twilight int bois ests ae — ngekedawadawa-kaiwara-| dawadawakumuruntuni gunung two Pas ote eg ss Leet = — a Uncle (father’s brother, vide also father)... ade tie | kaikainja — — | ! Vomit .... Pan Net eee aw. lorujayuru narakula ngawerudong vulva — » deil . magen | ' Wake up Pas Ledy wee we | YOr-yorngara ngangera ngangeitong walk... ‘be age fers a. | Wanewaneni nararongurongura, nurudurudong nginyongurongura nugurungudon wallaby, river (Macropus agilis) .... | ngaruko borongon angaruko ‘4 rock hed sn vw. | rangaruko manderang kandawul wash... aie sits, as aes _ tlarangoramittina nungoruding water... i kapo jula, tyula kojaru waterhole Thi viet ine w. | Yuarm yorom koyorom waves... ote ak. = aba, — ~~ _— weak e — | ngekedalana-walurwalur | nawarijaktin wear... ite oe me oad — | naramanintiana | ngarotan west a ais ihe dew we | nganewala yukarin ' nganeitj what? w. | nakana? mayana? antjamere? whiskers as wate eae | jawanda jawanda | kojawanda whistle oe aa ia weit — naralotja nuwerudong white ant (termite) ..., Weds .. | morokola wanara awanarayu, murukulu +o man rr ae 8 ww. | Monanga monanga _ wife (my) she tiai bie a. | del-ngarako nabadadingi nadingi wild “‘banana’ niet thse a | jolokon murutin murudin » honey ez whe ee wv. | koko tarda ngekong ve ‘patato’”’ ate sales « | jolokon jolokon kumurudin wind... Ha wes a re jamot ngoyoruk mangondo woman mete ste es aw | nadinwai tinkapul wadea wood, dry eee tarupa —_ kotanda » green or wet code eink — — kajeli wrong an sere site aw. | merekongo ngoreia malkjang | ngakodi wurley (hut) ... ade ere aw | totokolya — goambi Yam (Dioscorea sativa) .... we | fanma | jalma majalma yamstick hbachu batji kojaka yellow ochre .... a sh we | kelewelja kamanuko makelwere yes wis wee fens ges a. | bele ao yo-0, yowo young man —_ koromol bandart > woman vede sen -» | nading baradeng ngalangalakun | mawarea you nite aoe fae abet .- | nimuka nugirfyayu nokan your nungumiukayiki nginjakan nukangu

WEST COAST OF THE GULF OF

27 CARPENTARIA.

Ngalakan Inland Tribe

Allawa Inland Tribe

Mara Gulf Tribe.

| konkokot

: kedanbar

konkongolongo

nowarukoru jopono

beinuk

kunmukpulungam

meiappan

nguwera mukene

nginyaraburabuna, ingurungura nadukodaitpal

; ngaruka

nungorubittina gue

koyorom buru-boreokmin numaningdangana

‘ igerin | yanabaku?

kojowanda nginyterua nokomurukulu

bolebolongene kumaurutin mud(r)ad(r)a monkajaladi mongondo wuruwurunga konkolat

kojeli

kaboreok kagangan kobaram

muyawok monkojaka, ngujaka mugelewere

wo-0, wowo

bandari

_ jokomaringolakal

nginja nginjanigin

weremal domboyombo dongonbiri ngalanga

ngaiyulnanjin

janberena

| melmeldawul

bibibi

wengene

dunaiman halbathiwinya, juruga

Hibileri

wangogo kolakanyingata ngoyena

ngajal

laban jangaljangal lorongadi nganjeni? yawulungbulunga werenamban morolo angereangaba nyoredin

wodo

maningi

bainga

wadea

danyaki wenitjinoka jolban

jalma makai daomai

yo

walema nangana ngambanya

Wandaran Gulf Tribe.

Nungubuyu Gulf Tribe.

korolowol dombhoyomba bambuja mawar rokaroka

nijundara

jamberina karulku jariwangani

karobi

utuja

wengajuli

ngaijura, walendu

ngarukolamba billabong wallaby

wombarata

kolalajujulana

ngogo

ngajal

laban

ngekedalana-walurwalur

walakalir

nginjane?

jawanda

wirama

morolo

monanga

ngorodin

ngolowaru

majaladi

walulu

ngerca

wambi

jalma

hijabija

kriayara, kilweru yo, yoai

walemal

walema

neia

neia

angarukolamba malegartu

nawerichu

wongana?

ramimbi

weritju

aulburu taalyanga

yoai

liwa domborombo lon, umu wilin

taripan

nubindi barawin

alborong bauligilingi ngalua

walaligi

ningala, kukaluk

minnu

ulawa

barungina rig

banualaka nganjuri, batyari

naragu andawul banwuyaralin koko

lawali

madoa lulgari, ninik bayabina alkalila yangi?

tarak namayajungnung murubu monanga narakuiku

lako

jaladi

otangui minmanung rangakudardak rangakalarli mulwubara omor

loumok lolrnak, otalak yo ultmerinyung mugalangi nungawa nukaui

anung

28

ADELAIDE UNIVERSITY FIELD ANTHROPOLOGY: CENTRAL AUSTRALIA,

No. 5—DENTAL NOTES. By T, D. Campsety, D.D.Sc. [Read March 8, 1928.]

The following notes form a part of the data recorded at Macumba and Alice Springs during the University Expedition to these locations in January, 1927.

Paper No. 1, and subsequent contributions to this series,“ contain various ‘details concerning the individuals dealt with in this paper, and the key numbers used herein correspond with those previously scheduled.

Individuals examined —All were full bloods. Total number examined in detail was 52. Of these 42 were males and 10 females. An approximate age grouping would show: 2 children, 5 young adults, 21 adults, and 24 mature and aged.

Arch form and position of teeth—2In almost every individual whose dentures were more or less complete, one found the customary capacious regular dental arches of the aboriginal. The few exceptions were noted thus: No. 8, slight crowding of the lower incisors; No. 32, crowding of the lower incisors, with impaction of the inferior third molars, the anterior cusps of these teeth being locked under the distal convexity of the second molars; No. 48, complete lingual displacement of the second lower left bicuspid; No. 52, retention of the upper deciduous canines, with the permanent canines in marked labial position; No. 62 had a very high dome to the palate.

Removal of teeth—Out of 40 adult males examined in detail dentally, 7 showed removal of an upper incisor tooth. In Nos. 27, 46, 49 and 55, the right central; while Nos. 32, 34 and 40 showed the left central missing. In four cases the right, in three the left side tooth. In the case of No. 34 it was ascertained that the removal had taken place when he reached adult age.

Atirition—The condition and wear of the teeth was recorded according to Broca’s classification. It will be seen from the following table that 17 cases showed Stage I.; 12 cases Stage II.; 18 cases Stage II].; and 5 cases Stage IV.

Occurrence of dental caries—The table given below shows the key number of the individual, sex, age, number of teeth present, number of teeth carious, and stage of occlusal attrition.

From the data obtained the following points may be derived :—

‘Total number of individuals cxamined ms a 52 Total number of individuals with caries .. 35 Percentage of individuals with caries, 67-3.

Total number of teeth examined he ai 1,558 Total number of tecth carious .. . : .. 113 Percentage of teeth carious, 7-2.

Number of deciduous teeth examined .. by ws, 34 Number of deciduous teeth carious .. . 3

Percentage of deciduous teeth carious, 8'8.

() Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Austr., vol. li. (1927). Paper No. 1 contains “Introduction, Descriptive and Anthropometric Observations’; No. 2, “Physiological Notes’; No. 3, “Blood Grouping.”

29

Age group. No. of persons. No. with caries. Percentage. Up to 12 - ‘s 2 2 100 12 io 20 , 4 5 — — 21 to 45 - 38 21 14 66 Over 45 and aged a 24 19 79

In a previous paper ‘? in which the present writer collaborated, among other data a summary was given of published records dealing with the occurrence of dental caries in the Australian native. Therein the following figures were given -—

From QOoldea region: Percentage of individuals with carious teeth .. “4 .. 60 Percentage of carious teeth ty “x a os .. (7:2 Summarized figures for Australian natives generally: Incidence of dental caries in teeth of natives under natural

conditions he oe x i she a 2% Incidence in teeth of natives living on semi- or wholly- civilized diet +4 wi & bi = .. 175%

In will be seen that, compared with the figures recorded at Ooldea, the present group of Central Australian natives shows almost a similar incidence of persons with carious teeth, but the actual incidence of carious teeth is much lower. ‘The percentage of carious teeth for the present group (7°2) is higher than the figures given (2°1) as indicating the occurrence under natural conditions. ‘This is to be expected, as many of these natives have had access, no doubt for a long time, to a certain amount of modern foodstuffs. However, such pernicious dietetic habits as they may be inclined to adopt are tempered appreciably by the necessity of having to fend for themselves in the more “outback” regions; and the diet such conditions provide would certainly be rough and not elaborately prepared.

Certain investigators endeavour to postulate a close relation between the vitamin content of foods and the occurrence of dental caries. It would not, how- ever, be easy to attempt any definite statement on the vitamin values of the aboriginal’s natural dict. He scemed capable of devouring anything which was possibly edible; but preferably and actually his diet consisted largely of flesh food. It may be assumed, however, that such food preparations as were adopted would be unlikely to destroy the vitamin value it possessed. We do know for certain that his food was rudely prepared and of a coarse, tough nature, thus stimulating a vigorous mastication and active salivary secretion; and it seems probable that a definite relation exists between these physical characteristics of his dictary and the comparatively low percentage in the incidence of carious teeth.

Record is herein made of two children under twelve years showing carious teeth. It is interesting to note that this is the first occasion among the many skulls and living subjects of Australian native children examined that the present writer has observed a carious deciduous tooth, a fact very significant when ihe dental condition of present-day white children is considered,

Pathological conditions —Besides recording the occurrence of caries, some brief notes were made on such other pathological conditions as presented; but these were very rare. No. 21 had an alveolar abscess associated with the lower right first bicuspid, and also showed several teeth with obvious examples of

(2) Australian Journal of Dentistry, December, 1926, p. 371, “Dental Observations recorded at Ooldea.”

30

arrested caries. No. 49 had an alveolar abscess associated with the upper left lateral incisor.

Gum tissues —On the whole, the gum tissues of the native were appreciably firm and healthy looking, especially when one considered that many of them had access to some refined foodstuffs.

Summary.—lt may be stated that in general these natives showed well-formed dental arches with strong, appreciably worn teeth. The occurrence of dental caries was somewhat higher than has been shown to exist among natives in their natural environment; but, on the other hand, very considerably lower than the prevalence of this condition among civilized white peoples. Their gums were generally firm and healthy, and very few dental pathological conditions were pre- sent other than caries. In cases of removal of one of the front teeth, it was one or other of the upper central incisors; this being usually the case among the Central tribes.

The dental condition of these natives, generally, again, stipports the contention that the less refined the foodstuffs used, the less will be the occurrence of dental abnormalities and pathological conditions.

No. No. of Stage of | No. No. of Stage of Key No. of carious attri- |Key No. of carious attri-

teeth. teeth. tion. : teeth. tecth. tion.

1 31 3 II. 38 32 — L 2 32 I IT. 39 31 2 IV. 5 17 7 ur | 40 27 Es L. 6 29 2 Ill. . 41 30 2 IT. 8 12d. 12p. 1d. I. 42 28 —_ I. 9 20d. 2d. I. 43 3l — I. 11 31 2 I. 44 32 —_— IT. 12 32 8 Il. 45 30 — I. 16 30 1 I 46 31 — Ill. 17 30 5 I] 47 32 3 TIL. 18 30 3 IT 48 32 1 I. 21 3l 3 Ill 49 3l — Ii. 22 28 — I 50 31 5 IV. 24 32 2 I 51 30 7 IV. 25 26 5 Til 52 32p. 2d 2 L. 26 30 1 II 53 23 — IV. 27 31 — II 55 31 — I. 28 32 — I 56 30 1 Il. 29 30 10 II 57 32 3 III. 31 30 2 III 58 32 2 II. 32 31 — IT 59 32 — IT. 33 32 2 I 60 26 7 ITI. 34 30 — I 61 32 1 III. 35 32 5 Il 62 30 6 III. 36 32 — It 63 32 1 IV. 37 32 2 Il 64 31 3 III.

3l

AUSTRALIAN CUMACEA.

By Hersert M. Hace, Curator, South Australian Museum. (Contribution from the South Australian Museum.)

[Read March 8 1928. |

This paper deals, in the main, with Cumaceans taken by Sir Joseph Verco, Dr. Robt. Pulleine, the late Mr. Edgar R. Waite, and the writer; these are now in the South Australian Museum collection. Few species of the order have been recorded from Australia. G. O. Sars“ described three members of the genus Cyeluspis taken by the “Challenger,” and C. Zimmer © named thirteen species secured by the Hamburg Expedition to South-western Australia, and by Dr. Mjoberg’s Swedish Expedition. With the few additions now made only twenty- five identified species may be listed from our waters; all but one of the new species were dredged off the coast of South Australia.

In his invaluable review of the Cumacea of the world Stebbing © recognized twenty-six families, no fewer than sixteen of which were erected by him; thirteen of the last include only one gents, and the same number less than half a dozen species. Stebbing 4) himself admits the weakness of some of the fami- lies, and I agree with Calman “ that the establishing of these new divisions is undesirable for the present. There is no doubt that a great number of new species must be still undescribed, and as these become known there is a probability that, under Stebbing’s artificial arrangement, there will be a tendency to further isolate closely linked genera in different families. If, on the other hand, newly discovered forms, with their attendant complications, are distributed amongst the already erected families, there is indication that it will be exceedingly difficult to retain worthy and distinctive differences between certain of the last-named.

The species at present known from Australian seas are as follow :—

Family BODOTRHDAE. Cyelaspis australis, Sars. Port Philip, Victoria. C. pusilla, Sars. Flinders Passage, North Australia. . exsculpia, Sars. Flinders Passage, North Australia, _ supersculpta, Zimmer. Off Cape Jaubert, North-western Australia. candida, Zimmer. Off Cape Jaubert, North-western Australia. mjobergi, Zimmer. Off Cape Jaubert, North-western Australia, . bovis, n. sp. South Australia. . tribulis, n. sp. South Australia. spilotes, n. sp. Gulf St. Vincent, South Australia. Eucoma agrion, Zimmer. Fremantle, Western Australia. Vaunthomsonia (?) australiae, Zimmer. Off Cape Jaubert, North-western Australia.

aAgAAAAgaS

(3) Stebbing, Das Tierreich. Lief., xxxix., 1913. (4) Stebbing, Annu. S. Afr. Mus., x., 1912, p, 134. (5) Calman, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., xli., 1912, p. 608.

32

Family NANNASTACIDAE.

Cumella hispida, Calman,

C. michaelseni, Zimmer.

C. gibba, Zimmer.

C. cyclaspoides, Zimmer.

Nannastacus nasutus, Zimmer. tralia.

N. nasutus var. camelus, Zimmer,

Sharks Bay, Western Australia. Sharks Bay, Western Australia. Sharks Bay, Western Australia,

Family DIASTYLIDAE.

Dic lasiodactylum, Ziromer. Gynodtasiyls hartmeyert, Zimmer. G. similis, Zimmer. Sharks Bay, Western Australia.

G. truncatifrons, n. sp. Gulf St. Vincent, South Australia. G. turgidus, n. sp. Robe, South Australia.

Anchicolurus waitei, n. sp. Robe, South Australia.

Leptostylis vercoi, n. sp. Geographe Bay, Western Australia.

Family BODOTRIIDAE. CycLaspis, Sars.

Sharks Bay and off Albany,

Sharks Bay and off Fremantle, Western Australia.

Western Aus-

Off Albany, Western Australia.

Off Geraldton, Western Australia. Sharks Bay, Western Australia.

The listed Australian species may be separated by the character of the cara- pace alone, but it should be noted that both sexes are not known in all of them.

a. Carapace sculptured.

b. Carapace with two transverse carinae on back; with very strong ridges and projections, so that the dorsal outline (as seen from the side) is elevated and uneven.

c. Carapace with second dorsal carina elevated to form a pair of large spines behind middle of length; ridges not enclosing

a quadrangular or subtriangular depressed area on sides ..

ec. Carapace with second dorsal carina elevated but not forming acute, thorn-like projections; ridges enclosing a quad- rangular or subtriangular depressed area on sides. d. Carapace with a distinct median dorsal carina connecting the two large transverse ridges.

e. Sides of carapace with two ridges running forward from anterior crest; dorsum with a median posterior pro- jection and a smaller dorso-lateral projection on each side

ee. Sides of carapace without ridges running Jorward from anterior crest; dorsum with a median posterior pro- jection but no dorso-lateral elevations

dd. Carapace without distinct median carina connecting the large transverse ridges ..

bb. Carapace with ridges moderate or feeble, ‘the dorsal outline i in side view almost evenly curved.

f. Sides of carapace with more than one ridge. g. Carapace gibbous posteriorly, its greatest depth two-thirds the length gg. Carapace not gibbous posteriorly, its greatest depth one- half the length te ff. Sides of carapace with one fale and very ‘oblique ridge aa. Carapace smooth. h. Carapace with a median dorsal keel hh. Carapace without median dorsal keel

Cyclaspis bovis, n. sp. Immature female.

bows

exsculpla

tribulis

supersculpta

australis

candida Spilotes

pusilla myobergi

Integument hard and firm, with finely imbricate surface.

Carapace deep, more than one-fourth the total length, and strongly sculptured. Pseudorostral lobes just reaching to apex of narrow ocular lobe, each truncate

33

and slightly oblique in front. Antennal notch moderately wide and antennal tooth subacute. Behind the eyclobe is a short and abruptly elevated transverse carina, almost in line with a ridge which crosses the base of each lateral plate and forms the dorsal edge of a decp, flattened projection on each side. Viewed from the front the lateral edges of each of these projections are tridentate, the upper tooth the most prominent, the others small. A little behind middle of length of carapace is a pair of large dorsal spines, each leaning slightly outwards and forwards; a deep, median dorsal carina runs from the middle of the anterior transverse ridge to the base of these teeth, and behind them is a small median dorsal tooth or tubercle, On cach side (in addition to the large anterior projection) are two low elevations on the posterior portion; the upper of these forms the termination

a

Tig. 1. Cyclaspis bovis, type female. a, Lateral view; b, dorsal view of cephalothorax (x 8).

of a rather obsolete ridge running up the back of each dorsal tooth; from the lower elevation radiate two faint ridges, one of which forms an angle with a carina which leads up to the antero-lateral edge of each dorsal tooth. A ridge runs back from the second tooth of the great anterior projection. Second pedigerous somite fixed to carapace, large, with side-plates expanded, and with a short, elevated dorsal carina. ‘Vhird leg-bearing somite tumid dorso-laterally; fourth and fifth each with a median posterior tooth and a pair of dorso-lateral pro- jections. First four abdominal segments somewhat square in section, each with a pair of dorso-lateral carinae, the hinder ends of which are slightly concave; last two somites with a median ridge and an oblique carina on each side; second

34

to fourth with small lateral articular Processes. Basis of third maxillipeds increasing in width distally, with a serrated ridge on outer face, and produced apically into a lobe which reaches to level of apex of ischium; ischium longer than carpus and shorter than merus, which is produced distally into a lobe which reaches nearly to apex of carpus; dactylus little longer than propodus and sub- equal in length to carpus. First legs about one and one-fourth times as long as the carapace ; basis furnished with a serrated ridge on inner face, narrowed distally and with a subacute apical process, and about as long as the remaining joints together; ischium two-thirds as long as merus, which is three-fourths as long as carpus and about two-thirds as long as propodus. Ischium distinct in all other legs, one-half or less than halt length of merus; propodus as long as dactylus in third to fifth legs, barely half as long in second. Peduncle of uropods slender, finely serrated on inner edge, as long as fifth pleon somite and more than twice as long as rami, which are subequal in length; proximal parts of edges of single-jointed endopod serrated, and basal joint of exopod one-third as long as second joint. Colour pure white.

Length, 18 mm.

Loc,—South Australia (Sir J. Verco). Type, female, in South Australian Museum, Reg. No. C. 1772,

Fig. 2. Cyclaspis bovis, paratype female, a, Third maxilliped (x 14); b, first leg (x 14); c, fifth leg (x 14); d, uropod (x 14), e, rami of uropod (x 36).

A second female 19-5 mm. in length differs in having the pair of dorsal spines not divergent one from the other; as shown by the illustrations, these spines are much more prominent than the lateral projections when the animal is seen from the side, but the condition is reversed when it is viewed from above.

This species is allied to C. persculpta, Calman, C, exsculpta, Sars, and C. supersculpta, Zimmer, etc.

Cyclaspis tribulis, n. sp.

Immature female. Integument hard. Carapace about one-fourth total length, with two strong transverse ridges; surface somewhat reticulate owing to numerous pits, the edges of some of which form acute tubercular projections, especially near edges of ridges. Pseudorostral lobes not quite reaching to apex of narrow overlying ocular lobe, which bears a few silvery apical lenses. Antennal notch distinct, and antennal tooth subacute. At base of eyclobe is a short elevated carina, or flat compound tubercle; immediately behind this is the first large ridge,

35

crossing the dorsum transversely and running obliquely downwards and back- wards on the side to meet the second transverse carina near the infero-posterior angle of the carapace. Anterior ridge deep, and cut into five flattened, rounded tecth or lobes, one on the dorsum and two on each side; viewed from the front this carina resembles a rosette enfolding the dorsal and lateral parts of the animal. Second carina strongly elevated dorso-laterally, forming a pair of rather flattened lobes; the two transverse ridges are connected by an obtuse, median longitudinal carina, and by a pair of far less distinct dorso-lateral crests. Posterior end of carapace with a median dorsal conical elevation. Fourth and fifth pedigerous segments each with a median dorsal ridge and rather feeble dorso-lateral eleva- tions. TPleon segments each with a median dorsal carina and infero-lateral and dorso-lateral carinae; last-named most distinct on anterior segments and almost

Fig. 3. Cyclaspis tribulis. a, Type female; b, paratype male (x 114).

obsolete on last two; first five somites with lateral articular processes. Basis of third maxillipeds slightly widened distally and produced beyond Ievel of apex of ischium, which is shorter than carpus and about as long as propodus; merus produced to slightly beyond apex of carpus; both carpus and propodus are widest distally. Lasis of first legs narrowed on distal half and with a small apical pro- cess. Ischium of second legs one-third as long as merus, which is longer than carpus. Merus much longer than ischium, and shorter than carpus in third to fifth legs. Uropods nearly as long as fifth and sixth pleon segments together and with the peduncle about as long as the subequal rami. Colour pure white. Length, 11°5 mm.

36

Immature male. The sculpturing of the carapace is a little less marked than in the female, but in the main differs very little.

Length, 12 mm.

Loc.—South Australia (Sir J. Verco). Type, female, in South Australian Museum, Reg. No. C. 1770,

Only two slightly mutilated specimens arc available; as in the type of C. exsculpta, Sars, both examples have the terminal joints of the first legs miss- ing. They are so exceedingly close to C. supersculpta, Zimmer, that it is with much hesitation that I propose a name for them. ‘They apparently differ from Zimmer's type immature female in having more strongly developed projections from the first large transverse ridge, and a short elevation on the dorsum in front of this ridge in having a median dorsal carina connecting the transverse ridges and only one projection at the hinder end of the carapace, and in the proportions of the uropods. Zimmer states that the peduncle of the last-named is only half

b EN = © d WH,

Fig. 4, Cyclaspis tribulis, type female. a, Third maxilliped (x 16); b, basis of first leg (x 16); ¢, fourth leg (x 42); d, uropod (x 16).

as long as the rami in C. supersculpta; it is shown thus in his fig. 11, but in his g. 8 appears as long as the rami.

It is evident that examination of more material of Australian species of the exsculpta group is most desirable.

Cyclaspis spilotes, n. sp.

Male. Form slender and integument moderately indurated. Carapace rather small, only about one-fifth total length, with a well-developed, sharp, median dorsal carina for whole length, and with a fine oblique ridge on each side, curving from the median carina forwards and downwards to the antero-inferior margin and fading into the margin near antennal tooth; surface very finely imbricate and with numerous shallow pits. Pseudorostral lobes slightly obliquely truncate and not extending beyond ocular lobe, which is moderately wide and bears large lenses. Antennal notch wide and antennal tooth subacute. Fourth and fifth pedigerous segments with low dorso-lateral carinae. Each pleon seg- ment with a low median carina, and infero-lateral and dorsal-lateral carinae; the last are oblique and ill-defined on the sixth somite; first five pleon segments with lateral articular processes. Second and third joints of first antennae sub- equal in length, each barely more than one-third the length of first segment ; flagellum short and two-jointed. First legs only about one-eighth longer than carapace, the carpus not reaching to antennal notch; basis much narrowed

(9) Zimmer, Kungl. Sv. Vet.-Akad. Hand., Ixi., No. 7, 1921, p. 7, figs. 811.

37

distally with an acute apical process and slightly longer than the remaining joints together ; ischium much shorter than merus, which is stouter and a little shorter than carpus; dactylus about as long as carpus and not rauch more than half as long as propodus. Basis of remaining legs long (as long as other joints together in third legs) ; ischium less than half as long as merus in all but fourth pair; merus longer than carpus in second legs, shorter than carpus in third to fifth. Uropods longer than last two pleon segments together; peduncle a little longer than exopod,

Fig. 5. Cyclaspis spilotes, type male. a, Lateral view; b, dorsal view of carapace (x 10).

its inner margin fringed with rather long hairs; both rami lanceolate; exopod slightly longer than endopod and armed with a dozen spines on inner edge; inner edge of endopod finely serrate, furnished with about eleven spines and (near the base) with a few long hairs. Colour pale brown, with splashings and mottlings of dark brown.

Fig. 6. Cyelaspis spilotes, type male. a, First leg; b, second leg; c, third leg; d, fifth leg; c, first antenna; f, uropod (x 29).

Leneth, 11 mm. Loc.—South Australia: Gulf St. Vincent, five miles off Semaphore, 5 faths. (H. M. Hale). Type, male, in South Australian Museum, Reg. No. C. 1753.

38

Resembles C. australis, Sars, in some respects, but is readily separated by the shape of the carapace, which lacks the curved lateral prominence passing down to the rear, the different proportions and clothing of the uropods, the sculpture of the pleon, etc.; also, the second pedigerous segment is not firmly attached to the carapace. The single male described above was dredged on a white sand bottom.

Leprocuma, Sars. Leptocuma pulleini, n. Sp.

Ovigerous female. Body subcylindrical, a little compressed, very slender, and tapering evenly and gradually from head to end of pleon. Carapace only about one-seventh the total length, its vertical height one-half its length; smooth except- ing for a very low median dorsal carina (which has an impressed line down the

Fig. 7.

Leptocuma pulleini, type female. a, Lateral view; b, dorsal view of anterior part of thorax (x 7).

middle) on anterior half. Pseudorostral lobes short and obliquely truncate, pro- duced in advance of the ocular lobe for a distance equal to half length of last- named, but not quite meeting in front. Ocular lobe semicircular and eye pig- mented. Antennal notch moderately wide and antennal angle rounded. Second to fifth pedigerous segments subequal in dorsal length, but only a tiny dorsal portion of first somite exposed, and this only visible from above. Second somite with side plates expanded and overlapping first segment and base of carapace ; pleural plates of third segment greatly expanded, overlapping second and fourth segments. First, second, and sixth pleon somites subequal in length, each shorter than third; fourth segment a little longer than third and slightly shorter than fifth; first two segments with low infero-lateral carinac, and third segment with indistinct infero-lateral ridges ; pleon otherwise quite smooth. Margins of second to hith pedigerous segments, and of first to fourth pleon segments, fringed with short adpressed bristles. First antennae with basal joint nearly as long as second and third together; second scarcely longer, but stouter, than third; flagellum four-jointed and accessory flagellum rudimentary, composed of a single joint. Palp

39

of first maxillipeds four-jointed, the first two joints broad and lamellate ; the three terminal segments are furnished with numerous plumose setae. Second maxillipeds much more slender than first, with the terminal joints of the palp bristled; basis margined with plumose setae, and with two long feathered bristles at apex, ischium very short and merus slightly longer than propodus, which is only half as long as carpus. Third maxillipeds fringed with plumose setae, those on basis forming a dense fringe; ischium short, and merus and propodus subequal in length, each more than half as long as carpus. Basis of first legs reaching for- wards nearly to antennal notch, nearly half as long again: as remaining joints, very narrow, edged with plumose setae and bearing two inferior spines, one, at

HH,

Fig. 8. Leplocuma pulleimi, type female. a, First antenna (x 40); b, first maxilliped (x 40); c, second maxilliped (x 40); d, third maxilliped (x 15); ¢, first leg (x 15); #, second leg (x 15); g, third leg (x 15); h, fourth lee (x 15); i, fifth leg (x 15)5 3, uropod (x15). k, Fourth leg of paratype male (x 15); 1,exopod of fourth leg of male (x 40).

the distal apex, being nearly as long as ischiunm; propodus longer than dactylus and a little shorter than merus and carpus together; the two terminal joints with numerous long setae. Second legs long and narrow, reaching as far forward as basis of first pair; basis tapering from base to apex and fully three-fourths as long as terminal joints together ; ischium very short and carpus longer than merus or propodus. Third to filth legs denscly fringed with setae and plumose bristles; each with ischium short and merus and carpus subequal in length;

40

fourth and fifth pairs of about equal length, about one-third as long again as third legs. An exopod is well developed in the first three pairs of legs; in the fourth pair it is rudimentary and two-jointed, the second joint very minute, and in the fifth absent. Peduncle of uropods nearly as long as last pleon segment, with half a dozen spines and a fringe of setae on inner edge; endopod slightly longer than peduncle, with second joint one-fourth as long again as first, and with inner edge armed with slender spines and two stout spines, one at apex of proximal joint and one near middle of length of that joint; outer edge of endopod fringed with setae; exopod subequal in length to endopod, with distal joint three-fourths as long again as proximal; inner edge of second joint fringed with plumose setae, apex with plain bristles and outer margin with short, slender spines. Colour cream, with a faint bar of brown on each segment.

Length, 24 mm.

Immature male. Has all the general facies of the female, but the body is a little more slender. Exopods are well developed on the first three pairs of legs, but on the fourth pair only a rudimentary exopod, similar to that of the female, is apparent, Five pairs of pleopods each with exo- and endopod, are developed.

Length, 19 mm.

Loc.—South Australia: Encounter Bay (R. Pulleine). Type, female, in South Australian Museum, Reg. No. C. 1745.

In addition to the two examples described above two immature and two adult females, ranging from 17 to 24 mm. in length, were taken. The species is close to the genotype, L. kinbergti, Sars,” but differs in the even more slender form, in the proportions of the uropods, the presence of a slight dorsal carina on the carapace, etc. The first pedigerous segment is wholly concealed in some specimens.

From the examination of females alone one would certainly presume that L. minor, Calman,“) and L. pulleini, are both congeneric with L. kinbergii. The male of Calman’s species, however, has a well-developed exopod on the fourth legs and only three pairs of pleopods, whereas, as noted above, the male of the Australian species has only a rudimentary exopod on the fourth legs and five pairs of pleopods. Apparently the genotype is known only from females, so it is necessary, for the present at any rate, to refer the Australian form ta Leptocuma,

SYMPopoMMa, Stebbing,

SYMPODOMMA. AFRICANUM, Stebbing,

Sympodomma africanus, Stebb., Ann. South Afr, Mus., x., 1912, p. 138, pl. i.

Sympodommea africanum, Stebb., Das Tierreich., xxxix., 1913, p. 17, fig. 11.

Two young females from South Australia agree on the whole with Stebbing’s descriptions and figures of a young male, but differ in the following characters, which are doubtless due to age and sex. The carapace is slightly deeper, and in dorsal view is rather more narrowed towards the front; the last of the three teeth into which the frontal part of the dorsal carina is cut has a smaller tooth on its posterior slope. Eye lenses are far less numerous, a pair of black lenses and one unpigmented lens being made out. The second to fifth pedigerous seg- ments, as seen from above, are wider, and cach has only one median carina, which is strongly elevated anteriorly on the second to fourth somites, less strongly in the fifth. The sculpture of the pleon somites is more marked; each segment has dorso-lateral, lateral, and infero-lateral carinae, as well as a distinct median dorsal carina; on the telsonic segment the lateral carinae are obsolete. The third maxilli- peds have the merus less strongly produced distally, and the apex of the basis

(7) Sars, Kongl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Hand., xi., No. 2, 1873, p. 24, pl. vi., figs. 29-33. (8) Calman, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., xli., 1912, p. 616, figs. 14-20,

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Tig. 9. Sympodonnna africanum, immature female. a, Lateral view; b, dorsal view of carapace (x 12),

Fig. 10. Sympodomma africanum, immature female. a, First antenna (x 33); b, terminal

part of third maxilliped (x 33); c, second leg (x 25); d, third leg (x 25); e, telsonic segment and uropod (x 20).

42

much more produced, reaching well beyond the distal end of the merus. The legs are as shown by Stebbing; the peduncle of the uropods is carinate (so that in section it is triangular) and: is scarcely longer than the exopod; the endopod is shorter than the exopod, with the first joint about twice as long as the second. It may be added that the integument is hard and the colour is light biscuit-brown, mottled and spotted with dark brown.

Length, 12°5 mm.

Loc.—South Australia: Gulf St. Vincent, off Outer Harbour, 6 fath. (H. M. Hale).

Hab-—South Africa and Southern Australia.

Family DIASTYSIDAE.

GYNODIASTYLIs, Calman.

Calman © described four species of the genus, Zimmer added two Western Australian forms, and two are recorded below; the members of the genus may be separated as follows :—

a. Uropods simple wh me aa. Uropods with more than one joint. b. Uropods three-jointed .. = bb. Uropods two-jointed. c. Carapace with at least five longitudinal ridges on each side. d. First joint of endopod of uropods longer than second. Carapace with five or six longitudinal ridges on each side carinatus dd. First joint of endopod of uropods not longer than second. Carapace with numerous longitudinal ridges on cach side. e. Exopod of uropods not or little shorter than endopod.

laevis

hartmeyeri

First legs rather elongate .. ale S, a -. costatus ee. Exopod of uropods only three-fifths as long as endopod. First legs short and stout .. A ¥. at -. turgidus cc. Carapace smooth, or with only one longitudinal ridge on each side. £. Uropods with first joint of endopod shorter than second .._ bicristatus

ff, Uropods with first joint of endopod longer than second. g. Carapace with a curved ridge on each side. Endopad of uropods with first joint one-fourth as long again as second .. t is se Lu “3 7 .. truncatifrons gg. Carapace without ridges. Endopod of uropods with first Joint twice as lang as second .. a be .. similis Gynodiastylis turgidus, u. sp.

Ovigerous femalé. Carapace more than one-third total length, plump, with its vertical height about two-thirds greatest length; dorsal margin considerably curved; sides with numerous longitudinal ridges, the uppermost dorso-lateral ridge crenulate, longer and more prominent than the others; anterior portion of dorsal margin and inferior margin crenulate. Psetudorostral lobes acutely pointed, projecting in front of ocular lobe for a distance equal to two-ninths of length of carapace; margins crenulate. Antennal notch wide and antennal tooth acute. The five free pedigerous segments are together shorter than carapace; pleural parts of second somite produced in front, those of the third in front and behind. Pleon six-sevenths of total length of thorax; the four anterior somites subequal in length, fifth longer and sixth shorter; telson scarcely more than half as long as sixth segment. First legs stout and not extending much beyond apices of pseudorostral lobes, with merus reaching to level of antennal angle; basis as long as the three following joints together, merus much longer than ischium and carpus twice as long as merus. Basis of second legs stout and about as long as

) Calman, Trans. Zool. Soc., xviii., 1911, pp. 367-374, pl. a figs. 6-39, aud pl. xxxvi, figs. 1-22,

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the other joints together. Remaining legs short and stout, with ischium short, mcrus approximately three-fourths as long as basis, and the three terminal joints very short. ‘Third legs articulated at posterior end of their thoracic somite, leaving a wide gap between second and third legs; fifth legs articulated dorso-

laterally. Peduncle of uropods twice as long as telson, and as long as fifth plcon segment; exopod only three-fifths as long as endopod, with one long and one

Fig. 11. Gynodiastylis turgidus, type female (x 36).

short, curved stout seta at apex; endopod two-thirds as long as peduncle, two- jointed, with the first segment slightly shorter than distal and with two stout apical setae, one long and one very short. Length, 2°7 mm. Loc-—South Australia: Robe, 3 fath. (Edgar R. Waite). Type, female, in South Australian Museum, Reg. No. C. 1750.

b

Fig. 12. Gynodiastylis turyidus, type female. a, Fifth leg; b, uropod (x 120).

The single available female, which is mounted in balsam, has about half a dozen relatively very large eggs in the brood pouch. As in (Cr. costatus, Calman, the carapace is marked with numerous ridges, but the form is stouter and the legs wider than in that species; also the first legs are considerably shorter, with the joints of different proportions, and the uropods are very different.

Gynodiastylis truncatifrons, n. sp. Female with young. Carapace one-third of total length, subcylindrical, its vertical height rather more than half dorsal length; dorsal margin nearly straight ;

44

each side with a low ridge, curving backwards and upwards from antennal notch, and back with a pair of shallow longitudinal grooves on posterior half; carapace otherwise smooth excepting for a few shallow pits. Pseudorostral lobes acutely pointed, deep, meeting in front of ocular lobe for a distance equal to nearly one- third of rest of carapace, oblique and slightly concave in front and fringed with fine short hairs. Antennal notch defined by a rounded, slightly projecting angle. Eyelobe about twice as wide as long, with three corneal lenses. The five free pedigerous segments together three-fourths as long as carapace, each in dorsal view as wide as the last-named. Pleural plates of second free somite produced in front, those of third slightly in front and greatly posteriorly. Pleon only about two-thirds the length of thorax; third and fourth segments with three tiny spines on each side; fifth somite not much longer than sixth, which is depressed. Telson as long as, but much narrower than, sixth segment, depressed, rounded

Fig. 13. ‘ Gynodiastylis truncatifrons, type female. a, Lateral view; b, dorsal view of cephalothorax (x 12).

apically, and armed with two apical and two subapical tiny hooked spines. First antennae with basal joint as long as second and third joints together, and with second joint two-thirds as long as third. Dactylus of third maxillipeds a little shorter than either of the three preceding joints, which are subequal in length, First legs stout and extending well beyond pseudorostrum, the ischium reaching to level of antennal notch; basis shorter than remaining joints together, with setae and a few spines on inner edge, and with a plumose seta and a spine at distal end; ischium and merus subequal in length, each with a spine at distal end of inner edge; carpus nearly three times as long as merus, and two and one-third times as long as propodus, which has the distal part of inner edge oblique and furnished with long setae; dactylus short. Basis of second legs distinctly longer than remaining joints together, less than three times as long as broad, furnished with short, stout spines on inner edge, and plumose setae on outer margin; ischium not distinct and merus nearly half as long as carpus. Third to fifth legs stout, with basis shorter than remaining joints together. Third legs articulated near posterior end of their somite, with the attachment directed almost back- wards, so that there is a wide gap between second and third legs. Attachment similar in last two pairs of legs, the fifth being articulated dorso-laterally. Uropods with peduncle little longer than telson and nearly one-third as long again as endo- pod; exopod about five-sixths as long as endopod, with two long unequal apical

45

bristles and a few bristles and hairs on each edge; proximal joint of two-segmented endopod longer than distal, which is furnished with two short, stout, curved apical bristles and some hairs and a subapical spine on inner edge; inner margin of first joint of endopod with a sparse fringe of hairs and two spines, one apical and the other at the middle of length. Colour white.

Length, 7°2 mm.

Lee—South Australia: Gulf St. Vincent, five miles off Semaphore, 5 fath. (HI. M. Hale). Type, female, in South Australian Museum, Reg. No. C. 1754.

+H.

Fig. 14. Gynodiastylis truncatifrons, type female. a, Terminal part of third maxilliped (x 42) ; b, first leg (x 17); c, second leg (x 42); d, fourth leg (x 42); ¢, fifth leg (x 42); f, telson and uropod (x 42).

A single adult female with a few advanced young in the brood pouch was taken in a bottom dredge; the juveniles are representatives of at least two stages. This species may be distinguished at a glance from the preceding, and from the two aforementioned Western Australian species by the longer first legs and abdomen, by the shape of the carapace, the presence of a single ridge on each side of the carapace, the character of the uropods, ete.

ANcTITCOLURUS, Stebbing. Anchicolurus waitei, n. sp.

Adult female, Carapace pitted, less than one-third the total length, and as long as the five free pedigerous segrnents together; its vertical height two-thirds dorsal length; sides with a depression at the antennal border, and with a low ridge, curving backward and upward to the dorsum, from the edge of the anterior depression. Pseudorostral lobes not very long, subacute. Antennal notch wide

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and shallow, and antennal tooth acute. Ocular lobe short, wider than long. First and second pedigerous segments short; pleural parts of third greatly pro- duced behind, and overlapping second segment in front. Dorsal length of fourth segment greater than that of the three preceding somites together; fifth segment about three-fourths as long as fourth. Pleon four-fifths as long as thorax; sixth somite two-thirds as long as fifth, and slightly longer than telson, which is rounded, without spines or setae, and with the tip not extending beyond the anal valves. First antennae with second segment stouter than, but subequal in length to, third, and shorter than first; outer flagellum three-jointed, and accessory flagellum very tiny and two-jointed. Third maxillipeds with well-developed exopods; basis slightly expanded and produced to level of apex of ischium at distal end, which bears a series of plumose setae. First two pairs of legs with large exopods, third and fourth pairs with rudimentary, two-jointed cxopods. Carpus of first legs reaching forward to antennal angle; basis about one-fifth as long again as rest of limb; carpus distinctly longer than propodus, which is longer than dactylus. Basis of second legs somewhat expanded, about four-fiiths as long as distal joints together; ischium short and merus a little longer than carpus; propodus and dactylus subequal in length, each shorter than carpus. Third to fifth legs stout, with merus as long as, or longer than, basis, and ischium and the three distal joints short; third legs widely separated from second,

Fig. 15. Anchicolurus waitci, type female (x 30).

Peduncle of uropods less than twice as long as telson, with slender spines on inner margin; endopod about as long as peduncle and slightly longer than exopod, threc-jointed, the first joint scarcely twice as long as second, which is not quite twice as long as distal joint; apex of endopod with one spine, and inner margin with about cleven spines; exopod with two long and two short apical spines. Colour white.

Length, 3-7 mm.

Adult male. Differs from the female in having the form a little more slender, the third legs not widely separated from the second, and the exopods of the legs stouter, those of the third and fourth pairs being well developed, with the peduncle almost as wide as long. The telson is very slightly longer than in the female, with the rather narrowly rounded apex projecting beyond the anal valves and tipped with two short setae. The marginal spines of the uropods are more dis- tinct and the peduncle is one-fourth as long again as the endopod; the inner border of the peduncle bears nine spines and the inner edge of the endopod four- teen, ten on the first joint, three on the second, and one on the distal segment; the last joint also bears a long apical spine and two smaller spines on the outer margin, while the outer edge of the second joint is furnished with two spines; the exopod bas two long and two short apical spines, and spines on the outer margin. ‘The

47

first antennae have the outer flagellum five-jointed and the accessory flagellum three- (? four) jointed, and as long as the first two joints of the outer lash together ; the base of the proximal joint of the last-named bears a brush of thick sensory “hairs.” The lash of the second antennae is fully as long as the body.

Length, 3°7 mm.

Loc—South Australia: Robe, 3 fath. (Edgar R. Waite). Type, female, in South Australian Museum, Reg. No. C. 1751.

This species falls into the family Colurostylidae of Stebbing, and, apparently, is referable to Anchicolurus on account of the three-jointed cndopod of the uropoda; its inclusion in Anchicolurus, however, narrows the definition of that

Anchicohiwus watlei, paratype female. a, First antenna (x 100); b, third maxilliped (x 42); ¢, first leg (x 42); d, second leg (x 42); e, third leg (x 100); f, fifth leg (x 100). g, Uroped of paratype male (x 100).

genus. In the form of the pedigerous somites and in the character of the third maxillipeds, A. waitei resembles Colurostylis pseudocoma, Calman, rather than the genotype of Anchicolurus, while the propodus of the second leg is not longer than the dactylus, but, as mentioned, approximately equal to it in length.

LertosryLis, Sars. Leptostylis vercoi, n. sp.

Ovigerous female. Carapace more than one-third total length and twice as long as the five pedigcrous somites together, its vertical height about two-thirds the dorsal length; back subcarinate owing to a longitudinal depression on each side of the mid-line, and with dorsal margin (as seen from the side) curved; surface spinulose and antero-inicrior margins secrrulate. Pseudorostral lobes short, apically acute. No distinct antennal angle. Virst two pedigerous segments short; third, fourth, and fifth each with pleural parts produced slightly backwards. Pleon a little longer than cephalothorax. Telson as long as sixth pleon segment, with one pair of apical spines, but no lateral armature. Third joint of first

48

antennae very much longer than second, accessory flagellum tiny. Third maxilli- peds with well-developed exopod; basis widened distally but not produced, the lateral margins and rounded apex with plumose bristles, the apical setae stouter and longer than the others. First legs long and slender, projecting for half their length beyond the pseudorostral lobes when horizontally extended; basis narrow, curved, more than half as long as remaining joints together, somewhat triangular in section, the lower edge armed with numerous stout spines and lateral margins with plumose setae; ischium shorter than merus; carpus abruptly narrower than preceding joints, more than twice as long as merus and three-fourths as long as the slender propodus; dactylus two-thirds as long as propodus, with a few apical setae; apart from the last the distal joints bear a few inconspicuous short hairs but no long setae. Basis of second legs stout, armed with spines on inner edge and setae on outer; ischium short and carpus narrower than merus, and about

Fig. 17.

Leptostylis vercoi, type female. a, Lateral view (x 13); b, first leg (x 26); c, sixth pleon somite, telson, and uropod (x 26).

twice as long as ischium and merus together; propodus about as long as merus. Remaining legs moderately stout, with basis long and (excepting in fiith legs) much longer than merus; third legs separated from second, but not greatly. Peduncle of uropods one and three-fourths times as long as telson, armed with about ten spines on inner edge; rami of equal length, each slightly shorter than telson; exopod with a single apical spine and no other armature excepting for a feeble serration near the base of distal joint; endopod three-jointed, the first joint twice as long as the other two together; distal joint three-fourths as long as second; inner edge of endopod with nine slender spines (six on first joint, two on second, and one on third), and apex with one short, stouter spine. Colour white.

Length, 8 mm.

Loc—Western Australia: Geographe Bay, 15-16 fath. (Sir J. Verco). Type, female, in South Australian Museum, Reg. No. C. 1768.

A single specimen was dredged fourteen years ago. The species is apparently close to L. mancus, Sars; as in the last-named, the rami of the uropods do not differ in length, but the legs of the new species are different and the telson has no lateral spines.

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AUSTRALIAN SPECIES OF THE ISOPOD FAMILY SPHAEROMIDAE (Continued).

By W. H. Baker. [Read March 8, 1928.] Prates [, to VI.

The following paper is a continuation of one submitted to this Socicty in 1926, in which I dealt with species—among others—in the collection of the Aus- tralian Museum, Sydney. Through the kindness of the authorities of the Western Australian Muscum, I have had the opportunity of recording some more Western Australian forms, together with some which have come to hand since from our east and south coasts.

SPHAEROMA WALKERI, Stcbbing. a ee ale walkeri, Stebhing, Rep. Isopoda (collected by Prof. Herdman at Ceylon), 1902, p. » Pl. vil. The present specimens are from Blackwattle Bay, Darling Harbour, New South Wales. Found not attacking timber, but were taken from surface growths. Report by inspectors. Exosphaeroma serventii, n. sp. Pl. i, figs. 1, 2. The body of this elegant species is marked like many oniscids with a ground of slaty colour with small irregular lighter areas arranged on each side of a darker median region, these lighter markings are much smaller and more numerous on the anterior division of abdomen and much less numerous on the posterior division, The head is short with a small anterior transverse ridge continuous with a slight rostral elevation. The eyes are conspicuous. The segments of thorax are subequal in length, the lst being a little shorter than the head; a very shallow longitudinal depression on each side marks off the epimera, which are obtuse. The anterior division of abdomen is short, the posterior evenly domed, but towards the end shelving off less steeply, the end is moderately pointed. The antennule has a flagellum of 12 joints. The peduncular joints of the antenna are stout, rather short, and the flagellum has 16 joints, the setae are in small groups. The epistome is elongate, pointed obtusely anteriorly, where it curves towards the rostrum. Mandibles slender, the left with 4-toothed primary plate, secondary trifid, nearly, as large as primary. Spine row present; there is a well-developed molar. Maxilliped large with distal plate of 2nd joint about half as long as the whole joint, with strongly setose crown, palp large, the fringes of lobes well developed, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th joints each with distal posterior setum. Legs robust, sparely spined, but with dense fur. Filaments of 8th sternite short and converging. Pleopoda with long fringes on the usual rami; lst pleopod with short peduncle and 5 coupling spines, and the outer side with coarser fur than usual; outer margin of endopod straight, inner thickened, there is no out- standing spine at base of exopod (in type specimen). 2nd pleopod with rather thick appendix reaching to end of endopod, 3rd, 4th, and 5th pleopods with rami as in E, calcareus, except that the endopod on the 4th carries few branchial rugae.

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This species is near FE. calcareus, Dana, E. falcatum, Tattersall, and F. bicolor, Baker.

The non-ovigerous female has the abdomen a little less pointed and the legs less robust and not furry. The marsupial plates are rudimentary,

Length of male, 7 mm.

The specimens are from Pallinup Estuary, Western Australia, and were collected by D. L. Serventy, 11625, Western Australian Museum.

IsocLaDUS EXCAVATUS, Baker. Pl. i., fig. 3.

Zuzara (Isocladus) excavata, Baker, Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Austr., vol. xxxiv., 1910, p. 84, pl. xxiv., figs. 4-6.

This Western Australian specimen seems to be older than the type. This I propose as a co-type with the following characters. The head is very short, steeply abrupt in front. The epimera are separated from the tergites by weil- marked longitudinal grooves and are especially prominent on the 5th and 6th segments; on the 6th there is a small tubercle in the groove and one submedian on each side just above those that occur on the 7th segment. The process of the 7th segment is contracted behind to a point (this is probably the correct condition, that occurring in the type being a slight malformation). The anterior division of abdomen is short and tumid medianly. The posterior division is nearly flat (convexity rather exaggerated in figure) with a faint median depression above and a slight lateral furrow round the two sides meeting behind; the immediate end is slightly raised.

Length, 7 mm, The single male specimen is from Cottesloe, Western Australia; collected from a rock pool by L. G. Glauert, placed in Western Australian Museum, 10607.

NeEosPHAEROMA PLUMoSA, Whitelegge.

Sphaeroma plumosa, Whitelegge, “Thetis” Scientific Results, Isopoda, pt. ii, p. 254.

Cyinedopsis plumosa, Baker, Trans. Roy, Soc. 5. Austr., vol. 1, p. 265, pl. xlv., figs. 6-9.

Two male specimens of this species have reached me; they are in better preservation than those dealt with in the above paper. There is no need of my further supplementing Mr. Whitelegge’s description, except that I have noticed that the endopod of the 3rd pleopod bears a few branchial folds and the 4th pleopod has on both exopod and endopod some plumose setae.

The specimens are from 20 fathoms off coast, New South Wales. Pre- sented to Australian Museum by Mr. C. W. Mulvey.

CYMODOCE BIDENTATA, var. TASMANICA, Pl. ii, fig. 1; pl. iv., fig. 9.

The abdomen is hairy with tufts of longer hairs on the tubercles. On the posterior division there is an obscure tubercle almost under each of the two sub- median projections of the anterior division, posterior to these there are a pair of tubercles on each side of the middle, the inner-more ones spiniform, the outer scarcely raised, then a median spiniform tubercle on the basal portion of the median process of the notch, and again two more side by side at its end. There is a small tubercle on the peduncular portion of the uropod above and the inner ramus has the end double-pointed.

The single specimen is from Simpson’s Bay, D’Entrecasteaux Channel, Tas- mania, dredged by scallop fishers in 8-15 fathoms. It is placed in the Australian Museum, Sydney.

sl

CymMopocr CoROoNATA, Haswell. Pl. ii, figs. 3, 4.

Cymodoce coronata, Haswell, Cat. Austr. Crust. p. 292, and Trans. Linn, Sac. N.S. Wales, vol, vi. p. 10

The bhady is covered with very simall black dots. Antcriorly the segments are nearly smooth, but posteriorly they become coarsely pubescent and granular. The head is evenly rounded with a very slight anterior transverse ridge. The eyes are prominent and large. The segments of thorax are subequal im length, the epimera are more or less acute at their. posterior angles except the last, which is rounded, and falls short of their inferior level. The anterior divi- sion of abdomen is short with two submedian tubercles on its posterior border (these are very variable in size and projection). The posterior division is not very convex, it is marked by two tubercles just external to and below the two of the anterior division and two behind these nearer together, and often with points turned up (these tubercles vary much also). The deep notch of the posterior border has the median process raised and ends obtusely reaching as far as the sides of notch; an oblique sulcation from near the insertion of the uropods reachcs down to the median process of the notch on each side. The epistome is short, anteriorly tumid, and has short limbs; the upper lip is transversely sulcate. The basal joint of the antennule is about twice as long as broad, its anterior distal angle is short and obtuse, the posterior reaches tu near the end of the 2nd joint; the 2nd joint is small; the flagellum carries 20-30 joints. The antennal flagellum carries 34 joints. The mandibles are short and stocky, with incisory plates entire, the secondary plate on the left is close to the primary, also entire, spine row is insignificant, the molar is short, there is a strong palp, the Ist and 2nd joints of which are expanded and subequal in length. The maxilliped has crown of plate of 2nd joint with pectinate setae not very crowded, some longer setae are on the inner border, lobes of palp well developed, the crowns of each with short setae rather crowded, 2nd and 3rd joints each with a posterior setum. The legs are long and well spined; the Ist has a series of thorn-like spines on merus, carptts, and propodus, and also a small patch of fur on ischium, ‘the merus and carpus of the following legs have furry pads on the usual joints, but this condition becomes less on the more posterior pairs; the last two pairs are well provided with spines. The filaments of the 8th sternite are rather stall and slender. The Ist pleopod has the peduncle short with four or five coupling spines which appear shorter than usual, the outer side is a little depressed and densely furry; the exopod has a slightly sinuous outer margin and becomes a little broader at the end and has a large proximal spine; the inner ramus is triangulate, The appendix on the 2nd pleopod is long and very slender. The endopod of 3rd pleopod has an oblique ridge near its inner proximal angle, its outer margin is very convex, The distal end of exopod of 4th pleopad has six or seven plumose selae; the endopods of 4th and 5th pleopods are large with crowded branchial folds; the exopod of 5th pleopod has the distal division rather narrow with an outstanding apical squamose lobe, and just below it another out- standing and longer, also on the inner border a scarcely raised lobe; on the proximal division there are two smaller lobes, both outstanding, at the inner distal angle. The tropods are indurated, very setose, the inner ramus is sub- fusiform, reaching beyond the end of abdomen, ending in a small tooth, the outer ramus is shorter, ends very acutely, is nearly straight on its outer margin, convex on its inner.

The female of this species has mouth parts moditied. It is less pubescent than the male and scarcely granular. The posterior division of abdomen is obscurely divided into two lobes or domes, and at the end is pointed with the

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notch almost obliterated. The inner ramus of uropod does not reach the end of abdomen, it is nearly oblong, narrow, truncate at end, the outer ramus is shorter, very slightly sigmoid and distally acute.

Numerous specimens are placed in South Australian Museum.

Length of neotype, 17 mm.

I am informed through Mr. F. A. McNeil, Zoologist of the Australian Museum, Sydney, that the types specimens of C. bidentaia, Maswell, and C. coronata, Haswell, are missing, consequently, as my identifications have been taken from the descriptions extant, which are not accompanied by figures, there is a certain amount of doubt in each case. Under the circumstances, I would now propose the present description of C. coronata as neotype held by the South Australian Museum.

C¥MODOCE CORONATA, Haswell, var. PUSIFORMIS. Pl. ii, figs. 2, 5-8.

This variety differs from the foregoing species in the following points. The covering is a short pubescence through which longer hairs protrude, this is easily brushed off; the body is also more granulate, being much less smooth anteriorly. The epistome and basal antennular joints are rougher with hairs and granules. The posterior margin of the anterior division of abdomen carries six tubercles, two submedian are larger and more outstanding, differing in length and projection in various specimens. The posterior division has the median process of the notch with a wide raised base and a slight sulcation above it, and close to its end is a small bifid tubercle; the sides of the notch are acute and double-pointed. The peduncle of the uropod carries a tubercle above; the inner ramus tapers to a terminal tooth in a much greater degree than in C. coronata, and there is a small tubercle just above the end. ‘The outer ramus is much shorter approaching that of C. bidentate, ‘here are also slight differences in the females. In this variety the two slight domes of the posterior division of abdomen are each surmounted by a small tubercle. The pubescence is coarser and more plen- tiful, and the abdomen is much more pointed in the non-ovigerous female.

The species and variety are very common on the southern coast of Australia.

Numerous specimens have been placed in the South Australian Museum.

CYMODOCE CORONATA, var, INTERMEDIA,. PI. ii, fig. 9. A second variety is represented in the figure. It will be seen to be of an intermediate character.

CyMODOCE MULTIDENS, var. AUSTRALIS. Pl. i, figs. 4-6,

Cymodoce multidens, Richardson, Marine Isopods collected in the Phillipines by U.S. Fisheries Dept., Commerce and Labour, Bureau of Fisheries, 1907-8, p. 27, fig. 26.

The body is rough with rather small granules which in parts become spini- form, very rigid and brittle. The head is narrow and anteriorly depressed where there are two submedian spiniform teeth with one median on the rostrum and two or three spinuliform granules anterior to each eye. The eyes are rounded and of moderate size. ‘The Ist thoracic segment is longest, the remaining seg- ments are short and nearly equal in length; the epimera of the 5th and 6th seg- ments are squared and those of the 7th shortened. The anterior division of abdomen is short and somewhat thickened on its posterior border, the posterior division is scarcely domed, with a slight oblique ridge on each side bearing a few spinuliform granules. The posterior notch is not deeply cut, the median process is equal to the lateral and on the same level, there is a wide insinuation below

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but no channel. The antennules are visible from above when the body is extended, the basal joints bear many bristle-like hairs and a crest of nine small pearly teeth with two larger ones posteriorly on each, the remaining joints are also very sctose, as also the flagella, which are short with eight joints. The antennae are also very setose, the flagella of eight or nine joints. ‘The epistome is small and con- sists of a rough forward portion reaching the rostrum, behind which are three transverse teeth, the lateral limbs also are marked with similar teeth. ‘The mandibles are slender, with bifid incisory plates. The left mandible has secondary plate, spine row and molar normal. The palp of maxilliped has long lobes like that of C. tuberculosa, Stebbing. The legs are well spined with longer ones on the more distal joints. The filaments on the 8th sternite are well developed, as also the appendix on the 2nd pleopod, the end of which is slightly hooked. ‘The peduncle of the Ist pleopod has four slender coupling spines and its outer side is hairy; the exopod, which is nearly oblong, has the outer proximal angle over- reaching the peduncle. The endopod of the 3rd pleopod is abruptly angled distally. The exopod of the 5th has three squamose lobes slightly outstanding. The uropods are highly indurated and sublinear, the inner ramus curved outwards with a row of teeth on the underside and is coarsely setose and distally bifid. The external ramus is shorter, rough, with teeth, and also bifid and setose.

The ovigerous female of this variety is much larger than the male. The head is not depressed like it, the teeth on the forehead are absent, those on the epistome and Ist joints of the antennules are present but mtich smaller. The body is almost smooth. The posterior division of abdomen docs not taper so much behind and the notch is less evident, marsupial plates are present but the eggs are within the body. The mouth parts are modified, but the palpal lobes of maxillipeds retain their setose condition. The uropods are similar to those of the male.

Length of male, 7 mm.

The specimens are from Western Australian coast; 10484, 10385, Western Australian Museum, collected by L. G. Glauert.

CYMODOCE ACULEATA, var. GRANDIS. Pl. i, figs. 7, 8,

Cymodoce aculeata, Haswell, Cat. Austr. Crust. p. 291, and Baker, Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Austr., vol. L, 1926, p. 257, pl. xl, figs. 7, 8.

This fine variety agrees well with the type, except that the outermost tubercles on the posterior division of the abdomen are obsolete. This division also has two small oblique ridges below the outermost tubercles, very setose, as also is the base of the median process of the notch; the surface is minutely granular at the sides.

Length of male, 39 mm.; breadth, 19 mm.

Specimens are placed in South Australian Museum,

CYMODOCE LONGISTYLIS, Miers. Pl. vi, figs. 1-4.

Cymodoce longistylis, Miers, Voyage of the “Alert,” p. 305, pl. xxxiii, fig. C.

The present specimens are from Port Hacking, New South Wales, collected by Dr. C. Anderson.

‘The body is very hairy, many of the hairs being plumose. The forehead has’ a continuous ridge between the eyes, The median process of the abdominal notch is lingulate seen from below, on each of the three termini formed by the notch and process there is a small upstanding tubercle. The epistome is covered with large granules. ‘The mandibles have entire incisory plates. The legs are well provided with spines.

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Cilicaeopsis sculpta, n. sp. PL. iii., figs. 5-7.

The anterior region of the head is highly sculptured, there is a prominent rostral portion with prominences on each side, and these flanked by lobes close to the eyes. The eyes are large. The posterior margins of each of the thoracic segments except the Ist have a row of strong backward curved teeth. The anterior division of the abdomen is granulate with some larger dentiform on the dorsal region, posteriorly there is a long process which is finely granular and projects backwards well beyond the end of abdomen but not so far as the uropods, it is rather slender and bifid at the extremity. The posterior division consists of two granulate and setose domes separated by a sulcus, each dome has one or more teeth on its summit. ‘lhe surface then descends abruptly to the posterior margin, which is medianly cut by a semicircular notch transversely shallow but with a deep channel, the exit of which is acutely toothed, with another tooth higher up on each side. The epistome is highly sculptured, it has a median prominence curved backwards, on its lateral limbs there are three or four tubercles on each.

The basal joints of the antennules have each a longitudinal row of three or four tubercles. The 2nd joint of the antennule is small and has a small tubercle above, the 3rd joint is very slender and longer, the flagellum has 14 joints. The flagellum of the antenna has 14 or 15 joints. ‘The mandibles are robust with a few small tubercles on their basal portions, incisory plates entire, the left mandible with slightly bifid secondary plate. The palp of the maxilliped has long lobes. The legs are robust and sparingly spined without furry pads. The Ist pair have small spines on merus, carpus, and propodus, the dactyles are short and two-clawed. The filaments on 8th sternum are long and slender. The exopod of the Ist pleopod has a small proximal spine on the outer side, the endopod is triangular and rather broader than long, there are three coupling spines on the peduncle. The 2nd pleopod is similar, the appendix is small and reaches about as far as the fringe of its endopod. The inner rami of uropods are reduced to two small spiniform tubercles. The outer rami are very large, rough with tubercles, club- shaped, covered densely with short setae, each ramus spreads very widely.

This species resembles C. granulata, Whitelegge; also C. qwhitelegget, Steb- bing, differing especially in the much reduced inner ramus of uropod.

Length, 12 mm.

Locality, Cottesloe, Western Australia. Col. L, Glauert.

The type is in the Western Australian Museum, Nos. 10850, 10672, 10496/ 10501.

Paracilicoea gigas, n. sp. Pl. iti., figs. 1-4.

The body is covered with a very short pubescence and many small pearly granules which become larger posteriorly. The head is rather longer than the Ist thoracic segment but much narrower. The eyes are large, Ist segment of thorax longest, the others are rather short when the animal is extended, the epimera are marked off by distinct sutures. The anterior division of the abdomen is large with the usual divisions well marked, and is a little produced behind medianly. The posterior division is large and divided into two domes not very salient, with a dimple each side of the median sulcus above; behind these the surface is tumid and abrupt to the end. The posterior notch has a much reduced median process and is deep in the vertical direction. ‘he epistome is prominent and granular with a small median knob; the upper lip has a deep transverse sulcus. The basal antennular joints almost touch each other at their proximal posterior angles, the 2nd joints are small, the 3rd much narrower and, after the Ist, which is much longer, there are 40 very short joints to each flagellum. The legs are robust, and

55

in place of the furry pads on the usual joints there are crowds of small bristles among which are longer ones on the lst pair. ‘The internal ramus of the uropod is shart, not reaching the end of abdomen; it is sublaminate and distally slightly truncate. The external ramus is long, indurated with a strong tooth on the outer side and subacute terminally.

The above characters are taken from a large specimen which is damaged and dry, and is evidently an adult male. This I have named as type. The following characters are of a young male (pl. iti., ig. 4) in the Western Australian collection which I name as co-type. The body is covered with an extremely short tomentum., The anterior division of abdomen is not produced behind. The posterior division divided into two lobes less salicnt than in the type specimen. The posterior notch is natrow and deep in vertical direction but with a pointed median lobe. Mandibles with incisory plates entire, the left with secondary plate slightly bifid; the basal portion of the mandible has a transverse ridge. The legs are rather spiny, especi- ally the more posterior pairs. The endopod of Ist pleopod has an insinuation at its distal end, the peduncle carries four coupling spines, there is a larger proximal spine on the exopod, but it is not outstanding. “Phe exopod of the 2nd pleopod exhibits an appendix approaching the whip-like character seen in other species. The rami of the 3rd are broad with the division line of the exopod quite near the end. The exopod of the 4th pleopod has two plumose setae, and the endopod has a distal notch. The exopod of ,the 5th pleopod is quite like that of C. latreillei, except that the principal squamose lobe is pedunculate.

The resemblance of this species to P. (?) pubescens, Ml, Edw. (see Trans. Roy. S, Austr., 1926, p. 262, and pl. xlii.) is remarkable, and in the case of the adult male a parallel condition occurs which I have noted in that species, viz., the uropods becoming cilicaeform. The. young of the present species, that of P. pubescens and that of C. latreillet, are very difficult to distinguish; this applies in a slightly less degree to females of the same species.

Length of large specimen (male), 35 mm.; breadth, 20 mm.; length of smaller male, 25 mm.; breadth, 15 mm.

Type in South Australian Museum, co-type in Western Australian Museum.

Paracilicoea flexilis, n. sp. Pl. 1., figs. 1-4.

Head evenly rounded in front, 1st thoracic segment of about the same length as each of the remaining ones of the thorax. ‘lhe body is smooth, glabrous, but becoming setose behind, a slight longitudinal groove marks off the epimera, which are uniform, the last produced a little deeper, a small notch shaws on the posterior border of the 2nd and 3rd; the posterior margin of the 7th segment of thoram shows two slight submedian prominences behind. ‘Vhe abdomen is tuberculate and setose, the tubercles arc numerous, being more or less spinuliform, and arranged mostly in longitudinal rows. The anterior division is very short, marked with the usual lines; the posterior not very convex; the posterior margin is con- spicuously 3-lobed, with a broad and shallow channel below. The epistome is small and the labrum covered with brown dots. The antennule has a stout basal joint, the 2nd about one-third the length of the Ist, the narrow 3rd joint is only a little longer than the 2nd, the flagelium about the same length as the peduncle, the joints about 19 in number and very short. The antennal peduncle has short joints and a flagellum of 25 joints, very setose. The mandibles are very strong with entire incisory plates, in the left the secondary plate is very obscurely tri- dentate, the spine row is well developed, and there is a strong short molar with some dark spines on its inner margin. There is a large posterior lip. The 1st maxilla has a strong external ramus terminated by seven or eight strong spines

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much worn and none are pectinate, the inner ramus has four curved pectinate spines. The 2nd maxilla is trilobed, the lobes short and reaching the same level, they bear some simple and pectinate spines. The maxilliped has the 2nd joint and its distal plate rather narrow, the palp has the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th joints with rather short lobes strongly setose, the terminal joint is just a little longer than the preceding one; there is a strong setum on the outer end of the 2nd joint of palp. The legs are robust. In the lst the merus, carpus, and propodus have stout spines, the rest of the legs are sparsely spined but provided with furry pads on the usual joints. The filaments on the 8th thoracic sternite are slender. The 1st pleopod has a broad short peduncle with dense fur on the outer side and four coupling spines on the inner, the endopod is slightly longer than broad, the exopod, which lies obliquely, has a dense fringe and a proximal spine turned upwards. In the 2nd pleopod the appendix is short, reaching only to end of the endopod, The exopod of the 4th pleopod has a fringe of short setae on the whole of its external border, these become longer and plumose at the end, the endopod is very strongly marked with rugae and has an insinuation at the distal end. The exopod of the 5th pleopod is rather narrow, with a very oblique division, the distal part bearing three prominent squamose lobes, the proximal part with one lobe and a small one below it. The inner ramus of the uropod is very small, the outer is very long, curved inwards, and excavate on the inner side.

Length, without the uropods, 19 mm.; breadth, 9 mm.; uropods, 9 mm.

The non-ovigerous female of this species differs from the male in the follow- ing characters:—It is smaller, glabrous. The posterior division of abdomen is obscurely divided into two lobes or domes and the notch is not’so deeply cut. The uropods are of ordinary shape and size and the rami subequal.

The specimens are from Cottesloe, Western Australia; collected by L. G. Glauert.

Type in Western Australian Museum, Nos. 10608/10617.

Dynoides barnardii, n. sp. PL vi, figs. 5-7.

The surface of the head is rather rough and an interorbital ridge is well matked. The segments of thorax bear minute granules disposed transversely. The margins of epimera have hairs so closely compacted as to appear membrane- like, resembling conditions found in many of the flat forms of Sphaeromidae. The epimeron of the 6th thoracic segment over-reaches that of the 7th. The anterior division of abdomen is very short with sutures not visible, and the process behind extends as far as the inner end of the notch of the following division, the margin of this process has some spiniform granules. The posterior division of the abdomen is domed and minutely granulate, and shelves away to the margin gradually. The posterior notch is an elongate sinus with converging and denticu- late sides meeting behind, at its inner end is a stall lobe. The epistome is obtuse, apically curved forwards, with rough surface. The eyes are large. The Ist and 2nd peduncular joints of the antennule are large and rough as the epistome, the flagellum carries 12 joints, the 1st joint of which is much shorter than the 3rd peduncular joint. The antenna is robust with flagellum of 17 joints. The mandibles are weak. The left mandible has the incisory plate 4-dentate, there is a secondary plate and spine row with the molar quite close to these, its margin is finely denticulate. The palp has two strong spines terminating the 2nd joint. Ist maxilla has the inner branch bearing four long curved plumose setae. “The outer branch with four or five strong teeth and three curved and serrate spines. The maxillipeds are slender, the 2nd joint has some small teeth on its outer margin, the distal plate is narrow, and its distal fringe has some large blunt teeth

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among the setae. ‘The 2nd joint of palp is largest, the 3rd less than half its length, the 5th joint is shorter than the 4th. The legs are robust, becoming longer posteriorly, most of the joints are densely and finely furred, with very few spines. The Ist pleopod has rather narrow rami, the exopod has an unusually long outstanding proximal spine arising from a small prominence, the peduncle carries two coupling spines on its inner angle, the endopod has a thickened inner margin, the fringes of rami are very long. The appendix of the 2nd pleopod is like that of D. serratisinus, its distal portion apparently lies in a half sheath formed by the inner margin of endopod. The filaments of the 8th thoracic sternum are united at their bases as in the above-mentioned species. The exopod of the 3rd pleopod is without division. The 4th and 5th pleopads are also as in Dr. Barnard’s species. The uropods are large and lamellar, rough and covered with fine setules, and are minutely serrate on distal margins, Colour whitish with median and lateral brown areas on thorax, the anterior division of abdomen is brown, the domed portion of the posterior division is blackish with light spots, the pleopods are tinged with brown, as also are the uropods.

The genus Dynoides was established by Dr. Barnard for a South African species in 1914; the present species is from the coast of New South Walcs, associated with Sphaeroma quoyana, MI. Edw., S. walkeri, Stebbing, I have pleasure in dedicating this species to the author of the genus.

Dynamenella parva, n. sp. Pl. ii, figs. 8-11.

The body is smooth and almost glabrous. The head is rounded and short. The eyes are large. The lst segment of thorax longest, the 7th is longer than the 6th and longer than the anterior division of abdomen. The epimera are closely compacted together, those of the 6th and 7th segments are broader and rounded, the 7th reaching near to the level of 6th. The anterior division of abdomen is very short; the posterior is dome-shaped with a very faint median depression. The posterior notch is small and simple, almost cut in the vertical direction, so that it can only be seen when the animal is fully extended. The epistome is long, rather large, truncate anteriorly, and curved forward. The antennules are large; the Ist joint of peduncle not produced at its inner distal angle; the 2nd joint is large, the 3rd nearly equal to it in length, the flagellum of seven joints, five of which are long and subequal. The antenna also is robust, its flagellum carries 10 joints. ‘The incisory plate of right mandible is slender, 4-dentate, row of spines and molar well developed and joint of palp subequal in length. Inner ramus of Ist maxilla with four curved setae, the outer ramus with the usual simple and branched spines. ‘The 4th joint of the palp of the maxilliped has its lobe very short, the 5th joint is shorter than the 4th. he legs are strong, sparsely spined, but much clothed with soit woolly hair, the dactyles are short with secondary claws subequal to primary. ‘he Ist pleopod has the endopod triangular, about as long as broad, with a small areolate area towards the inner proximal angle, bounded by a ledge on which the exopod rests. The exopod is larger, ovate, with small curved external proximal spine, the fringes are long, the peduncle is short with three coupling spines rather long, the outer side is bent towards the body. In the 2nd pleopod the peduncle is longer, the endopod is large with a thick appendix, which expands distally and considerably outreaches its end, the ovate exopod is a little smaller than the endopod and lies obliquely. The peduncle of the 3rd pleopod has straight sides, the endopod is larger than the exopod, which does not lie obliquely, and is without division. The exopod of the Sth pleopod carries a division and three outstanding squamose lobes; branchial folds on 4th and 5th pleopods are well developed on all rami. The

Cc ta

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uropods are laminar, the rami are distally rounded, the outer much smaller than the inner. Length of male, 3 mm.

Collected by H. M. Hale, Willunga recf, Gulf St. Vincent, South Australia. Type in South Australian Museum.

MorvuLowea LAcERTOSA, Baker. PL. i, figs. 9-11.

Moruloidea lacertosa, Baker, Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Austr., vol. xxxil., 1908, p. 150, pl. vii, figs. 1-10.

The female of this species differs from the male in not having such strongly developed antennae, and in having a median lobe in the posterior notch of the abdomen, the channel being deep. “The mouth parts are normal, but the young are developed within the body. The head is very rugose and tuberculate.

In this species the method of folding the body—that is as a hinge about the middie—is similar to that of cassidinopsis.

A female specimen is in the South Australian Museum, which also holds the type.

HASWELLIA JUXTACARNEA, Pl. iv, figs. 5-8. é real juxtacarnea, Baker, Trans. Roy, Soc. S. Austr., vol. 1, 1926, p, 274, pl. xlix., gs. O, f.

In 1926 I established this species on a dry specimen from Lord Howe Island on account of its differences from the closely allied species H. carnea, Haswell. Lam now able to add to that very short description the following notes with figures taken from one specimen from the coast of New South Wales, which has recently come to hand.

The greater part of the body is smooth and glabrous. The process of the 7th segment of thorax is minutely serrate on the lateral margins, it reaches slightly beyond the end of abdomen, with a small turned-down hooked process; dorsally there is a median keel, and below there is a shelf similar to that of H. carnea. The anterior division of abdomen is quite obscured; the posterior is very obscurely trilobed, and descends at first very abruptly, then with a gradual declivity to the terminal notch, which is very narrow, and filled by a narrow median process, which is slightly raised, and exceeds the sides of the notch. The basal joint of antennule is rough on the surface, the flagellum bears 17 joints. The flagellum of the antenna has also 17 joints. The mandibles are weak; the cutting plates are 4-dentate, and there is a small secondary plate on the left mandible. The legs are moderately robust, sparingly spined, except the first, which has a few thorn-like spines on the 4th, 5th, and 6th joints. ‘The dactyles of all are short, 2-clawed, the secondary claw minute. The filaments on the &th sternite are very short. The Ist pleopod has a broad and short peduncle, there are three coupling spines, and the outer margin has rather scanty furry hairs, the endopod is small, much broader than long, the exopod is scaly, on the surface the outer margin has six or seven thorns. The 2nd pleopod has a longer peduncle, its exopod is abruptly articulated at the outer angle; it is also scaly on the surface with 13 thorns on the margin; the short appendix originates from about the middle of the endopod, as in cerceis, etc. The uropods are granulate to spiniform and densely ciliate towards the margins of the rami, the inner ramus is broad, embracing the end of abdomen on its inner margin; the outer is about the same length, and is distally a little emarginate.

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The single specimen was collected by Mr. M. Ward near Manly, ocean side, Port Jackson, New South Wales, and as co-type is placed in the Australian Museum, Sydney.

Haswellia glauerti, n. sp. PL. v., figs. 1-5.

The head is short, the segments of thorax do not differ much in length. Eyes are moderate in size. Process of 7th thoracic segment in the male covering the whole of the abdomen and closcly applied to it, and also covers much of the uropods when they are retracted; it is moderately convex above but shelves away towards the end, which is obtusely pointed, the point turned down, and bears spiniform granules on the margin; there is a small lateral notch on each side at the proximal end. The epimera of the other segments are uniform, except those of the Ist segment. The posterior notch of abdomen is very large, triangular, with small median process. The epistome is sculptured, with the labrum rather large. The 1st and 2nd antennular joints are sculptured, the 2nd joints are rather large, and are embraced by the inncr distal angles of the 1st by about half their length, the 3rd joints are a little longer than the 2nd, the flagella carry 15 joints. The antennal flagellum has 19 joints. he left mandible has a slender, entire incisory plate with a trifid secondary plate, a spine row and large molar. ‘The maxilliped has a long palp, the lobes of joints well developed with long sctac. The terminal joint is long. The Ist pair of legs is shorter but more robust than the two following pairs, there are large thorn-like spines on the merus, carpus, and propodus of the Ist. The rest of the legs are sparely spined and become longer and more robust posteriorly, they carry very short fur on the usual joints. The filaments of the 8th sternum are small. The pleopods are of the cerceis type. The Ist pair has a short peduncle and three stumpy coupling spines; the exopod has about eight small teeth at base of fringe, the endopod is much broader than long. In the 2nd pair the appendix is short, arising from the middle of its lamina, the exopod has 15 teeth on the margin, and from the surface of the endopod there arise three or four longish plumose hairs. In the 3rd pair the endopod is broad and the exopod with a division, the peduncle is longer than in the two preceding pairs. The exopod of the 5th pair is narrow, the distal division carries two lobes, both outstanding; there is also a small lobe on the inner margin of the proximal division, The uropods are sublaminar, the external ramus ovate and somewhat truncate, convex below, excavate above, bearing coarse grantiles and scanty hairs capable of a lateral setting towards the sides of the body; the inner ramus has an inner ridge below and is rather excavate externally from this.

In the same tube is a female specimen which evidently belongs to this species ; it is about half the size of the male, and resembles the female of H. emarginata. The mouth parts are modified and the brood is probably internal. There is no process on the 7th thoracic segment. The anterior division of abdomen is rather tumid with the usual segments indicated, the posterior division is also tumid with a prominent knob which terminates a faint median ridge behind; the pos- terior notch is simple, deep in the vertical direction and semicircular. The epistome and antennular joints are not so sculptured as in the male. The body is covered with many black dots and is almost glabrous.

Length of male, 12 mm.

The specimens were collected from a sponge cavity, Cottesloe, Western Aus- tralia, by L. G. Glauert.

The type is in Western Australian Museum, 11795-11759,

60

Group PLATYBRANCHIATAE. Section CASSIDININI. Syncassidina, n. gen.

Body expanded, moderately convex dorsally, epimera spreading ott obliquely. The only part not partaking in the outline being the anterior angles of the posterior division of abdomen. Margin fringed with small setules.

Antennules partially separated from each other by process of epistome, which shows wedge-shaped above, lst and 2nd joints expanded, and upper sur- faces in full view from above.

Epistome with pyramidal prolongation.

Mandibles normal.

Maxillipeds resembling chitonopsis, the 3rd joint of palp with small lobe occupying all the front.

Endopod of Ist pleopod narrow, about four times longer than broad.

Exopod of 3rd pleopod without division, both rami without long fringe.

No exopods to uropods.

Syncassidina aestuaria, n. sp. Pl, v., figs. 6-10.

Body oblong-ovate, all segments reaching the margin except the anterior angles of the posterior division of abdomen, Margin strongly fringed, moderately convex, The anterior division of abdomen very short, not showing the lines of coalesced segments. The posterior division is convex, its anterior angles acute; there are two obscure median tubercles above, and the end is obtuse without notch or channel. Epistome with subpyramidal process; it is hirsute, and bears a large labrum, which rather obscures the lateral limbs and projects at nearly a right angle from the mandibles. Basal joint of antennule large, expanded, 2nd joint also expanded but much smaller, 3rd joint narrow and short; flagellum with five or six rather long joints, the antepenultimate one with small appendage which reaches to end of flagellum. Peduncle of antenna with 1st two basal joints rather broad, the following three subequal in length but becoming narrower, flagellum with 7 joints. Left mandible rather weak with small incisory plate 2-dentate consisting of a long and short tooth, secondary plate trifid, one curved spine and a moderate size molar and small palp. Right mandible with small incisory tooth and row of spines. The Ist maxilla has the outer ramus short with strong distal spines, one or two of which are finely pectinate, inner ramus slender with four curved plumose setae. 2nd maxilla trilobed. Maxillipeds with the plate of 2nd joint distally oblique, bearing several long pectinate setae, the 2nd palpal joint expanded without lobe, the 3rd with a small lobe occupying nearly all the front of the joint, 4th scarcely lobed, about the same length as the 5th, fringes scanty. Legs similar but becoming longer posteriorly, very sparsely spined, the 7th joints with primary and secondary unguis, giving chelate appear- ance. Peduncles of pleopods narrow. The Ist pleopod has the exopod ovate, the endopod narrow-oblong and about four times as long as broad; there are three coupling spines on the peduncle. The exopod of the 2nd pleopod is very convex on the outer margin and nearly straight on the inner, its endopod is wider than that of the lst. The exopod of the 3rd pleopod is without division and has only a fringe of fine setules; on the inner margin there is a small insinuation. The exopod of the 4th pleopod is without division, the endopod is rather thick but without branchial rugae. The exopod of the 5th pleopod is much longer than the endopod, it has a division and is obtusely pointed at the end, there are two

61

squamiform lobes on the proximal portion, and the distal portion is squamose all over. The uropods are large, all trace of an exopod has disappeared.

Length, 5 mm.

The specimens, which appear to be all females, are from Rocky Bay, Swan River, Western Australia. Collected by L. G. Glauert.

The type is in Western Australian Museum, No, 11180.

DESCRIPTION OF PLATES I. ro VL

Prate I.

Fig. 1: Exosphaeroma serventi, n. sp. Fig, 2: id., anterior region from below. Fig. 3: Tsucladus excavata, Baker. Fig. 4: Cymodoce multidens, Richardson, var. australis, 0, Var., anterior region from below. Fig. 5: id. posterior region from above. Fig. 6: id., posterior region from below. Fig. 7: Cymodoce aculeata, var. grandis, 0, var., posterior region from above. Fig. 8: id., posterior region from below. Fig. 9: Moruloidea lacertosa, Baker, anterior region from below, female. Fig. 10: id., postcrior region from below, male. Fig. 11: id., posterior region from below, female.

Pruate II.

Fig. 1: Cymedoce bidentata, Haswell. var. tasmanica, n. var., posterior region from above. Fig. 2: Cymodoce coronala, Haswell, var. fusiformis, n. var., anterior region from below. Fig. 3: Cymodoce coronata, Haswell, posterior region from above. Fig. 4: id., posterior region from below, female. Fig. 5: Cymodoce coronata, var. fusiformis, n. var., female. Fig. 6: id., male. Tig 7: id., posterior region from below. Fig. 8: id., posterior region from above. Fig. 9: Cymodoce coronata, var. intermedia, n. var., posterior region from above.

Prater TIT.

Fig. 1: Paracilicaca gigas, n. sp., posterior region from above. Fig. 2: id., posterior region from below. Fig. 3: id., anterior region from below. Fig. 4: id., posterior region of young male. Fig. 5: Cilicacopsis sculpta, n. sp. Fig. 6: id., anterior region from below. Fig. 7: id., posterior region from below. Fig. 8: Daynamenella parva, n. sp., posterior region from below. Fig. 9: id. male. Fig, 10: id., epistome. Fig. 11: id., 2nd pleopod.

Prats IV. Fig. 1: Paracilicaea flexilis, n. sp. Fig. 2: id., anterior region from below. Tig. 3: id., posterior region, female. Fig. 4: id., posterior region from below, male. Fig. 5: Haswellia juxtacarnea, Baker. Fig. 6: id., posterior region from below. Fig. 7: id., pos- terior region from above projecting segment of thorax and exopods of uropods removed. Fig. 8: id., anterior region from below. Fig. 9: Cymodoce bidentata, var. tasmamica, posterior region from below. Piate V. Fig. 1: Haswellia glauerti, n. sp. Tig. 2: td. anterior region from below. Fig. 3: id., posterior region from below. Fig. 4: id., posterior region from below, female. Fig. i id. side view of posterior region. Fig. 6: Syncassidina aesiuaria, 1. sp. Tig. 7: id., epistome. Fig. 8: id., Ist leg. Fig. 9: dd., maxilliped. Fig. 10: Ist pleopod.,

Piatre VI.

Fig. 1: Cymodoce longistylis, Miers, abdomen from above. Fig. 2: id., epistome. Fig. 3: id., female abdomen from above. Fig. 4: id., male abdomen from below. Fig. 52 Dynoides barnardii, male. Fig. 6: id., anterior region from below. Fig. 7: id., abdomen of male from below. Fig. 8: Cilicaca curtispina, Haswell. Fig. 9: id., female.

62

FURTHER NOTES ON THE STRATIGRAPHY OF CENTRAL AUSTRALIA.

By CuarLes Cuewines, Px.D., F.G.S. (Communicated by W. W, Weidenbach, A.S.A.S.M.)

[Read April 12, 1928.]

The discovery of Cryptogoén fossils at Acacia Well necessitated some little account of the stratigraphical succession of the beds, as seen by the writer, over the area drained by the Finke River and its tributaries, in Central Australia, hence the short summary contained in “Notes on the Stratigraphy of Central Australia,”

The sketch-map herewith is based on the writer’s topographical map, with a few corrections added. Reference to the latest maps of the Northern Territory will clucidate districts and physical features referred to beyond the scope of this map.

Winnecke’s Horn Expedition map has been quoted as one of his authorities by Dr. Ward, which is unfortunate because the map does not correctly portray the way the MacDonnell Ranges quartzite ridges run between the Finke and Ellery’s Creek, as will be shown later on. It does not cover the ground west of Haast’s Bluff. To use the names affixed by Win- necke to the hills in the Haast’s Bluff area would entail much explanation and probably confuse the reader. The names affixed to mountains on the writer’s original map will be used throughout this thesis.

Tue FINKE SERIEs.

Dr. J., Keith Ward’s paper, entitled “Notes on the Geological Structure of Central Australia,” is the latest valuable addition to the literature on the subject, particularly in regard to the stratigraphical succession in descending order to, and inclusive of, the Finke Series, which he, with some reservation, apparently, is prepared to fall in with Sir Edgeworth David and Professor Walter Tlowchin’s suggested age, viz., Permo-Carboniferous. As this forma- tion was seen to dip under the Cretaceous Shales at Mount Daniel, the writer and H. Y. L. Brown regarded the age as Jurassic (?). Judging from its general appearance and lithological character, the younger age would, in the writer's opinion, be more probable. However! “Pending the discovery of fossiliferous evidence, the designation “The Finke Series” will indicate clearly the formation. The writer is in accord with Dr. Ward’s reading, in that Mount Townsend appears to be about the northern limit of the Upper Creta- ceous sedimentation, along the overland telegraph line; and that Mount Daniel, which is situated only a few miles south of Mount Townsend, repre- sents, as far as can be seen, the northern limit of the Lower Cretaceous. The interesting point made clear by these limitations, provided the age of the Finke Series proves to be Permo-Carboniferous, is to push back the last time the MacDonnell Ranges region was under the sea—excepting the tops of the ranges—to Permo-Carboniferous times. A lengthy geological period must be allowed for the erosion and almost complete removal from its northern extensions of a rock formation of such magnitude, and it seems fair to assume that the Jurassic and Cretaceous rocks that occupy the Lake Eyre Basin were largely built up from this source. The Finke Series is the youngest, and was

(1) Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Austr., vol. xxxviii., 1914.

63

the last widespread sedimentation that transpired over the highlands in Central Australia, since which time continental conditions have persisted. For a fuller description of this formation vide the writer’s former paper.

Tue STRATIGRAPHICAL SUCCESSION OF THE PALAEOZOICS.

H. Y. L. Brown changed his reading from time to time of the strati- graphical succession of the different rock formations occurring south of Alice Springs, whose physical features and lithological character are very similar. Tate and Watt, apparently, took little note of the lithological character and the disposition of the extensions of the Post-Ordovician beds, and, in par- ticular, the fractured, jointed and disturbed state of the “lower” beds of their Ordovician when compared with the “upper.” Dr. L. Keith Ward, while agreeing with Tate and Watt that the Ieavitree Gap quartzite and limestones are of Ordovician age, is, strange as it may seem, for the same reason, at variance with them, for evidently he is of opinion that the Arltunga quartzites belong to an earlier sedimentation, It will be shown later on that Heavitree Gap and the Arltunga quartzites are the same formation,

No instance is on record of Ordovician remnants having been found inter- folded with the Pre-Cambrian gneiss and schist in Central Australia, On the other hand, the Heavitree quartzites and limestones belong to a formation (Cambrian?) that was largely faulted down into and interfolded in, and with, the Pre-Cambrian. From Mount Udor in the far west, to Arltunga in the east, instances of this occur nearly the whole way, and in no case has more than one strong quartzite band been observed interfolded in the Pre-Cambrian at one place. The nearest approach to more than one are the Berry’s Pass and Mount Licbig quartzite bands (or, as they will hereafter be designated, “ridges”) which, in this case, appear to be the same band of rock forming the outer layer of a synclinal fold, interfolded as such, in the Pre-Cambrian, Had there been more than one quartzite (or perhaps then only sandstone) band in existence when that interfolding took place, surely in that great distance there would be some remnant showing more than one. And the same thing applies wherever the remnants happen to be, for in that long line—Stuart’s Bluff Range—that starts as “Ilann’s Ridge,” cast of Ryan’s Well, and runs west to Central Mount Wedge, there is only one strong quartzite band repre- sented. We shall again return to this subject later on.

Dr. Ward, in his figs. 2 and 7, pp. 65 and 81, shows three quartzite bands in his stratigraphical succession of the sedimeutaries along a section running south from Heavitree Gap, near Alice Springs. It may be that other bands are covered by alluviuin along this section.

As regards the apparent conformity between the different sedimentary series -—The fact should not be lost sight of, that where the process of moun- tain building has been “long even pressure” from contraction, sufficient to throw sediments totalling many thousands of feet in thickness into more or less vertical position over a length of two hundred miles [The MacDonnell Ranges were at one time quite four hundred miles long|, in all probability all traces of unconformity would be obliterated, except in very favourably- situated spots. Tate and Watt tried to discover an unconformity between the Post-Ordovician conglomerates and the sandstone and quartzite beds of Ordovician age. The effort resulted in the negligible result of only one degree of difference in the dip, notwithstanding that the older was already highly-tilted strata flanking a great mountain range when the younger was laid down.

(2) Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Austr., vol. xxxviii., 1914, pp. 42-46,

64

Winnecke’s apocryphal map of the Horn Expedition shows the quartzite ridge in which the Finke Gorge waterhole is situated to be the same as the quartzite ridge in which the Ellery’s Creek large waterhole occurs, which is both incorrect and misleading. The Mount Sonder—Ellery’s Creek waterhole —Heavitree Gap quartzite ridge is the one that impinges on the Pre- Cambrian schists throughout its entire length. The Tinke Gorge waterhole ridgc—if continuous the whole way—is the next quartzite ridge south of the Ellery’s Creek waterhole ridge. The two are separated by a broad valley of erosion, in the limestones of which Cryptogodn fossils were recently discovered by Messrs. Mawson and Madigan. No Ordovician fossils have yet been found in this valley, This discovery would seem to place the Cryptogoén horizon between the Heavitree Gap and Mount Blatherskite quartzite ridges (which corresponds with Dr. Ward’s Nos. 1 and 2 ridges, respectively, wide his fig. 2, p. 65) in limestone bands standing well out from the Heavitree ridge, say one mile, which corresponds very well with the position the Cryptosoén beds at Acacia Well bear to the Heavitree ridge. The beds in each case are highly tilted, of course. Mawson and Madigan’s discovery conclusively settles the point, viz., that the Cryptozodn beds are older than the known Ordovician fossil-bearing beds, for Tate and Watts place them outside (=above) the Blatherskite (No. 2) quartzite ridge, whereas the Cryptozodn beds are inside (=below) it. Much depends upon the determination of the geological age of the Cryptozodn beds, but even more depends upon determining the age of the lowest limestone and quartzite for, in the writer’s reading, they represent the beds that were faulted down into, and became folded with, the schists. It is these latter that the writer regards as decidedly older than Ordovician. The writer is of opinion that Ordovician fossils may be looked for with con- fidence in one, or other, or both, of the next succeeding valleys to the sotith of the Crvptozodn valley. Winnecke’s map, together with the incomplete suc- cession of the sediments as shown in Tate and Watts’ fig. 9 section, evidently led Dr. Ward astray, for on p. 66 he states:—‘So the Cryptozoén specimens occur on the same stratigraphical horizon as Oythis leviensis”’ Taking Dr. Ward's block diagram, fig. 7, p. 81, as a guide, the writer thinks Cryptozodn fossils may he anticipated in the police paddock, and Orthis leviensis and other Ordovician fossils in the racecourse, or a little south of that. In other words, in his “Upper Limestone” beds, or perhaps above that even. As Dr. Ward was fortunate enough to find Cryptogoén fossils at Ooraminna, if the succes- sion be similar there to, say, the Finke Gorge, one would look for Ordo- vician fossils in any limestone beds that may outcrop on the extreme northern and southern margins of that range. The writer’s reading of the way the limestone beds occur in the stretch between Deep Well and Francis Well, on the overland telegraph line, in regard to the red sandstone beds (as seen at Deep Well, Mount Breaden, Mount Charlotte, and the Northern Percy Hills), is at variance with Dr. Ward’s, as represented in his fig. 1, p. 63, No. 2. At Ooraminna the relative positions of the beds are correctly delineated. Why Dr. Ward reverses the order, and makes the limestone to superimpose the sandstone beds at Deep Well, is hard to understand. From Ooraminna to four miles south of Deep Well the limestone beds do not outcrop, but at the latter spot they come to the surface, and are seen to have a decided dip to the north. Three miles south of this spot, Mount Breaden (which is a massive and undoubted remnant of the Deep Well—Mount Charlotte red sandstone formation) is seen to repose “on” the limestone beds. Between Breaden Dam and Maryvale the beds of shale, grit, conglomerate, limestone, etc., that under- lie the Ooraminna limestone (which limestone, by the way, represents the latest formed bed of that limestone series) are brought into view in a series

65

of sharp folds, in which some of the beds stand vertical. Nearer Maryvale the limestone beds dip south, and under the red sandstone beds of the Northern Percy Hills and Mount Charlotte.

SrqueNce AT Finke Gorce Ann Goyper’s Pass, AND PROBABLY ELLERY’sS CREEK ALSO. No. 1 Quartzsite Ridge:

a Mount Sonder, Ellery’s Creck waterhole, Heavitree Gap ridge——Dr.

* Ward's lower quartzite.

a Between No 1 and No. 2 is the Cryptozoén horizon, proven by 3 Mawson and Madigan’s recent discovery.

& | No. 2 Quartsile Ridge:

5 Finke Gorge waterhole ridge. May represent Dr. Ward’s middle quartzite. No. 3 Quartzsite Ridge:

; The second ridge from the Cryptogodn valley south. In this § quartzite Tate and Watts found Ordovician fossils at Finke Gorge, “a and near Goyder’s Pass, close to this ridge, in limestone, in the 2 valley between No. 3 and No. 4—Stairway ridge. < | No. 4 Quartgite Ridge: re) The third ridge from the Cryptozodn valley, south.-Mareenie

Escarpment.

Post-Ordovician conglomerates and conglomeratic sandstone.

a = 8 os Z ro a) a as Se 2 8: : JE . Sk g cae > ms} a c $ a4 3 NY ae = eo VRS eR Potato = &3 $ Sosts §= Tet S E a Ss Mes a - gt o, 8 oz a5 32 2 re $ Dy a 5 e8S> 5, Se ees = os¢ S G-= ra 3 BYer VB cB oLet > oe ON ge o e 9° 26 faa is] més oS iy eS ok wee BN Wes = $ < Ss fep2Rg += BO 52N » o& a2 RS) + Soe Se HE $3 Se oN a 4 se nite cK = = c 4 2 a 2 = 5 a iw s = ~ a i o H ° re

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Finke Gorge Section, diagrammatic Section AB, about 30 miles.

Going north from the watershed of Stokes’ Creek to Stokes’ Pass the descent is rather steep, over Post-Ordovician ledges, until a valley of erosion is reached, the north side of which is determined by No. 4 quartzite ridge—- No. 4 is the most southerly of four that constitute Stokes’ Pass. The total width of exposed Post-Ordovician outcropping beds from Rudall’s Creek to Stokes’ Pass is seven to eight miles, and the total thickness must be great. The contact with the Ordovician beds is hidden by the alluvium of the valley floor situated immediately south of the pass.

66

Winnecke’s map shows only three quartzite ridges in Stokes’ Pass, but there are four. It also erroneously shows Marecnie Escarpment ridge as No. 3. The Horn Expedition discovered Ordovician fossils under the Mareenie Escarpment.

When passing through Stokes’ Pass one is down in a deep trough-like depression and unable to see clearly to which ridge the hard rocky bars that cross the pass belong, but by leaving the pass and following the valley of erosion between Nos. 2 and 3 quartzite ridges right through the ranges to the Missionaries Plain, in a south-westerly direction, the connection is plainly seen. In 1891 the writer, when following this route, discovered Ordovician fossils in the limestone beds that underlie the Stairway Escarpment—-The Stairway Escarpment is No. 3 quartzite ridge; the Mareenie Escarpment is No. 4 quartzite ridge. Nos. 3 and 4 quartzite ridges are therefore Ordovician.

Near where the writer obtained the fossils under Stairway Escarpment two creeks that take their rise in the valley join, and making north, plunge headlong down over a thick, intensely hard massive quartzite ridge outcrop into the valley below. This ridge follows the Mareenie and Stairway ridges around from the pass and appeared to underlie them conformably, but the quartzite bed is disturbed and harder than the Mareenie and Stairway ridges. This then is No. 2, or Mount Tate, quartzite ridge.

From this, and other points of vantage, may be seen still another quartzite ridge following this No, 2 one, on its northern side, with a valley between. This is No. 1, or Mount Musgrave, quartzite ridge. While Nos. 1 and 2 do not here stand high, and form conspicuous physical features, as do Nos, 3 and 4, they are quite as distinct; and farther west form formidable ranges.

From the Finke Gorge to the western end of Stairway ridge we are on sure ground, and have undoubted Ordovician strata running through the heart of the ranges, in a nearly straight east-west line, the beds being highly tilted, with dip to the south the whole way. From Stokes’ Pass the Ordovician beds, as previously mentioned, gradually assume a flatter dip as the outcrops curve to the south-west, with a notable increase in height. Upon reaching the Missionaries Plain the beds appear to be cut off by an east-west fault (the downthrow side being the above plain), the ends of which now form two high bluffs that overlook the plain. The Mount Tate and Mount Musgrave ridges are not cut off by the fault, but run westerly for several miles further, forming at the same time the northern boundary of the Missionaries Plain. On account of their greatly disturbed state, and high degree of metamorphism, the writer, as previously mentioned, leans to the opinion that they may be of Cambrian (?) age.

This order of succession of the “ridges” was first noted by Ernest Giles in 1872, vide his Journal of Explorations under date September 12 and 15, 1872. His description of the disturbed state of the rocks of which Mount Musgrave consists is very graphic, and characteristic of that, and also of the Mount Tate ridge. The extreme metamorphic character of the quartzite is suggestive of having undergone greater changes than have been observed in any of the Ordovician ridges.

In Stokes’ Pass the dip of the strata is steep to the south—60° and upwards from the horizontal. The total distance across the upturned edges coincides with the length of the pass, viz., two miles. The total thickness of the strata in the pass would be 10,000 fect or thereabouts. If to this be added the 7,000 to 10,000 feet of conglomeratic sandstone, Post-Ordovician sedi- ments following on to the south, then it becomes evident that at least 17,000

67

to 20,000 feet of sediments is represented in the South MacDonnell Ranges at this place, of which one-third only may be Ordovician.

As regards the disparity in age between the Cambrian (?) and the Ordo- vician sediments: Nothing could be plainer than the evidence afforded by a comparison of Mareenie and Stairway ridges (which are Ordovician) and the western end of the Heavitree Gap ridge west of Mount Sonder [Cam- brian (?)], of the great disparity between the two. The former being directly opposite the disturbed area, could not have done other than be alfected to some extent had it been in existence at the time. We find, how- ever, that the Ordovician beds present the greatest possible regularity. So free from deformation are they, and so free from metamorphism, that any number of fossils may be obtained, and in perfect condition, anywhere where the fossiliferous beds are not covered by alluvium. Not only opposite the disturbed area is this the case, but also for many miles on either side of it.

The Cambrians (?), on the other hand, are not only tremendously dis- turbed, but portions have been shifted far from the line of range; for instance, the quartzite remnant on Arumbera Creek, which is eight or ten miles long. The massive magnesian limestone, and its accompanying beds, that invariably back up the quartzite ridge on the southern side, are there first seen to be in contact with an outcrop of the schists, then inextricably intermixed with them, and, finally, the schists and gneiss wholly replace the limestone, etc., and a little farther on the quartzite ridge itself 1s seen to ride upon the gneiss atid schists, then to turn to the north and there end, to again, doubtfully, appear as a remnant on Arumbera Creek.

NOTE ON THE ACCOMPANYING Map.

In what follows no special mention seems called for regarding the Ordo- vician, other than defining its limitations. The trend of the two main Ordo- vician anticlinal folds that occur south of the MacDonnell Ranges may be traced on the accompanying map. They run approximately at right-angles to the dip of the strata, which is shown by arrows. The known fossiliferous localities are indicated, and the approximate boundaries of the formations, including some of the remnants of the Finke Series. It may prove interesting to note how the Post-Ordovician beds occupy the synclinal folds of the Ordo- vicians, and the way the fossil-bearing beds occur along and under the margins of the younger series. Orthis leviensis is characteristic of the upper- most fossil beds, The quartzite ridges mentioned in the text are shown clearly by dotted lines.

SEQUENCE AT STOKES’ Pass.

Note——A broken fragment of quartzite on the Arumbera Creek may represent the Heavitree Gap quartzite ridge. If so, the space between it and No. 1 quartzite ridge might be the Cryptogodn horizon.

No. 1 Quartzite Ridge: May represent Heavitree Gap ridge, which is Dr. Ward’s lower quartzite, Vhe break in Mount Sonder ridge at Razorback makes the uncertainty. If correct, the valley between Nos. 1 and 2 would be the Cryptozodn horizon. This is Mount Musgrave ridge of Giles. No. 2 Quartszite Ridge: May correspond with Mount Blatherskite ridge, which is Dr. Ward’s middle quartzite. Also with the ridge next south of the Ellery’s Creek waterhole ridge. Also with the Finke Gorge waterhole ridge. Between Nos. 2 and 3 (but close to No. 3) is Ordovician. This is ‘ Mount Tate ridge of Horn Expedition.

Cambrian (?)

68

No. 3 Quartzite Ridge: May correspond to Dr. Ward’s upper quartzite. Between Nos, 3 and 4, close to No. 3, is Ordovician. This is Stairway ridge of Giles. No. 4 Quarigite Ridge: May lie beneath Emily Plain along Dr. Ward’s section. This is Mareenie Escarpment of the Horn Expedition.

Post-Ordovician sandstone and conglomerate beds.

Ordovician

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Q C. Cong lomeratic sandstone S Sandstone, shale, conglomerate, slate or limestone .Q Quartzite G Gneiss and schist (Pre- Cambrian) Fig 2. Mareenie—Haast’s Bluff Section, diagrammatic Section CD, about 32 miles.

Tur Pre-CAMBRIAN PLATEAU AND THE SEDIMENTS ‘HEREON.

To discuss the Pre-Cambrian complex in detail would require much greater knowledge of the component rocks than the writer possesses of thei. In the first place the question of what is to be included and “what is to be excluded” has to be decided. Dr, Ward has raised the question as to whether such rocks as the gold-bearing quartzites should be included in this series. As the introduction of gold-bearing quartz and auriferous sulphides post- dated the major disturbances, that aspect, in the writer’s opinion, cannot affect the question one way or the other. Nor does the high state of meta- morphism the quartzites have attained. As a general rule, and over the whole complex, wherever bands of quartzites are seen to have been inter- folded with the schists and gneisses they have been similarly altered. At the same time, where the same formation rides on the top of the schists, etc., only the beds that actually are, or have been, in contact are equally highly altered. Where conglomerates have been in contact quartzite conglomerate has resulted, and slates and shales became micaceous, There are rare occur- rences of massive limestone beds in contact, and these have become crystalline,

Quite apart from debatable local occurrences, there is a noticeable absence of limestone in the Pre-Cambrian complex. ‘There are large areas of granite—some quite unaffected by compression, and every stage from gneissic granite to true gneiss and schist is represented in endless variety. With the exception of Mount Hay and a few other smaller occurrences, Horn- blende and other basic schist areas are not common. Nothing like the large areas of basic rocks in Western Australia has been noted there. Neverthe- less, basic dykes are fairly plentiful in some areas, as also are acid dykes.

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The later dykes have suffered little distortion, North-easterly from Bond Springs there are long runs of quartz and quartz schist outcropping that resemble quartz reefs when seen in the distance, They resemble the Jasper outcrops of the Laverton District in Western Australia, but here are white. In the same locality large crystals of beryl occur, and much pegmatite. East of the Halleem Creek, standing a little out from the main range, north, are wall-like ridges of hard rock that may originally have been sandstone. They run so straight and for such long distances that, until examined closely, may be mistaken for discoloured quartz reefs. Similar bar-like structures cross the valleys in the range close by. They apparently represent sedimentary beds in the true Pre-Cambrian complex, as also do slaty outcrops on the south side of the Harry Creek, on the overland telegraph line. Other localities are equally convincing of sedimentary origin.

But the chief outstanding feature of the complex lies not so much in the immense area over which regional metamorphism obtains (that is simply enormous), but in the consistent east-west strike of the outcrops, and (local instances excepted) the constant stcep dip to the north of the foliation planes of the gneisses and schists. Striking examples of this latter occur in many places, but two will suffice. Mount Zcil, the highest peak in the MacDonnell Ranges, is 4,786 feet high. Viewed from either east or west the crest is thin, like a wedge. The mount is wholly composed of gneiss. Viewed from the north, huge areas of bare rock, and very steeply inclined, reach practically from top to bottom. These smooth surfaces represent foliation planes. Again, the climb from the plain south of Mount Liebig to the watershed of Warren Creek is a good stiff one, over smooth-faced areas of highly-inclined schists, Looking east, when near the watershed, one sees, in Mount Palmer, a pre- cipitous-sided block of red sandstone, nearly horizontally bedded, capping the ridge. The mount itself stands 1,550 feet above the surrounding country, and the red sandstone capping is 500 or 600 feet thick. The protection afforded by the capping to the upturned edges of the schists, with a creek undermining them far below, has exposed one of the finest examples of foliation the writer has seen; and at the same time of an unconformity on a grand and lucid scale.

The most typical gneiss and schist area within the great Pre-Cambrian complex extends from the latitude of Alice Springs to that of Ryan’s Well, say 80 miles. North of that large areas are occupied by granite, to 20 miles north of ‘ennant’s Creek telegraph station, say 350 miles trom Alice Springs. The schist area extends in an east-west direction, from beyond Arltunga in the east to beyond Mount Udor in the west, the total length being 300 miles for certain, and probably 400. In all probability the total area occupied by Pre-Cambrian rocks in the Northern Territory, lying north of Alice Springs latitude, is not less than 150,000 square miles.

The quartzite ridges near the Finke watershed stand well above every- thing surrounding. To render possible the cutting down of the gaps through the ridges, the general level of the watershed, and probably the plateau as well, must have excecded the present by 2,000 feet at least. The comparative uniformity of the level of the present watershed over large areas—say 1,000 feet below the highest portions of the ridges today—and the more or less uniform height of the tops of all the ranges to the south, would suggest that the whole region was peneplaned down to that level; the peneplanation coin- ciding with the sedimentation to which Gosse’s Range, Middle Range, etc., owe their origin-—probably Post-Ordovician.

But subsequent peneplanation, even to this latter, of the Pre-Cambrian plateau seems evident. Ten miles north of Alice Springs the southern edge of Burt Plain is to be seen. For 100 miles, almost due west, it finds its

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southern limit in a steep wall-like face to a tableland that stands 800 feet, or thereabouts, above the level of the plain. This wall-like physical feature faces north and apparently is a product of undercutting by the ocean, aided by the foliation planes of weakness in the schists and gneisses of which the slope is composed. It is on the higher tableland the Finke River watershed is situated.

THE PrRE-CAMBRIANS AND CAMBRIANS (?).

As the history of the Cambrians (?) is so closely associated with the tectonics of the Pre-Cambrians, it will be more convenient, and more explicit, to deal with the two conjointly.

Portions of the Pre-Cambrian area are covered by quartzites, shales, slates, conglomerate, etc.; the total thickness of such beds rarely exceeds a few hundred feet. As regards the age of these sediments, the only fossilifer- ous evidence we have consists of the discovery of Cambrian Trilobites of the genus Agnostus and genus Microdiscus, in buff-coloured mudstone, about 40 miles south-east of Elkeedra Station, Murchison Ranges.@) The sediments in those ranges usually have a flattish dip, but are much disturbed. Quartz reefs occur in them, as well as in the Pre-Cambrians, on which they repose, and in all probability they were intruded by the numerous basic dykes in that area. Although the writer did not observe any certain case, he saw many instances where that evidently had taken place, and the sediments had subsequently been denuded.

The Foster Ranges, at Barrow Creek, occur in the same way as do the Murchison Ranges. That is to say, the Pre-Cambrians are capped by red shales below and quartzite on top over a considerable area, and these latter are seen to dip flat in different directions, and have been much disturbed. No fossils have yet been observed in these sediments, but in all probability they belong to the same formation as the Murchison Ranges. Midway between the two, viz., at the Taylor Crossing Well, are beds of quartzite and sandstone that form a more conspicuous range, the rocks of which dip (south) at a greater angle than in either of the two ranges just mentioned, and appear to have reached a greater stage of metamorphism, much of the range con- sisting of hard white quartzite, like the “White Range” at Arltunga, only that the rock strata dip in the opposite direction, and apparently were, to some extent, at any rate, faulted down into the Pre-Cambrians. Although occurring beyond the area under review, it may not be out of place to remark that the sediments forming the ranges about Attack Creek, and from there to Newcastle Waters, show great similarity to those occurring in the Murchi- son and Barrow Creek Ranges and, like them, lie flattish and are greatly disturbed. At Central Mount Stuart there is a greater thickness of shale than in the Foster Range, at Barrow Creek. At 40 miles, and again at 75 miles, north-west of Barrow Creek there are sandstone and quartzite ridges that lithologically resemble those of the Murchison and Barrow Creek Ranges; they dip flattish in different directions, and are seen to be as greatly disturbed as in those ranges. Mount Denison and Mount Leichhardt, situated some 50 miles west of Central Mount Stuart, are mentioned later on. The Buxton Range, on the J.ander Creek, and other hills westerly from Central Mount Stuart, are capped with quartzite and sandstone. A few miles north-east of Tea Tree Well there are some low hills capped with sandstone, shale, and quartzite, These “capping” beds have low dips that are not constant; they appear to be outliers of the Foster Range. [Skirting the south side of the

(3) Contributions (Nos, 12 and 13) to the Palaeontology of “South Australia, by R, Etheridge, jun., Govt, Paper, 1902,

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Stirling Station swamp, runs an east-west bed of travertine limestone that appears to have a disconnected continuity for many miles in an easterly direction. It is of recent formation. ]

Still coming south over the Pre-Cambrians, the next instance of sedi- ments occurs at a spot some seven miles south of Ryan’s Well, on the tele- graph line. “IIann’s Ridge,” as it is called, is seen to be a quartzite and sand- stone band of rock of perhaps 100 feet or 200 feet in thickness, reposing on a green-blue micaceous slate, probably of equal or greater thickness. ‘hese dip north at angles varying between 10° and 25° from the horizontal at this place, but much steeper elsewhere. The ridge strikes east and runs on for a few miles, and there it ends. Both south and north of the ridge are granite and granitic rocks, with small quartz veinlets intercalated. Two miles north of the ridge remnants of the slates appear on the surface for a short distance. In a westerly direction the ridge keeps on (in the